ABSTRACT
Visually Induced Motion Sickness (VIMS) plagues a significant number of individuals who utilize Virtual Reality (VR) systems. Although several solutions have been proposed that aim to reduce the onset of VIMS, a reliable approach for moderating it within VR experiences has not yet been established. Here, we set the initial stage to explore the use of controlled olfactory stimuli towards reducing symptoms associated with VIMS. In this experimental study, participants perceived different olfactory stimuli while experiencing a first-person-view rollercoaster simulation using a VR Head-Mounted Display (HMD). The onsets of VIMS symptoms were analyzed using both the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and the Fast Motion Sickness Scale (FMS). Notable reductions in overall SSQ and FMS scores suggest that providing a peppermint aroma reduces the severity of VIMS symptoms experienced in VR. Additional anecdotal feedback and potential future studies on using controlled olfactory stimuli to minimize the occurrence of VIMS symptoms are also discussed.
- Hironori Akizuki, Atsuhiko Uno, Kouichi Arai, Soukichi Morioka, Seizo Ohyama, Suetaka Nishiike, Koichi Tamura, and Noriaki Takeda. 2005. Effects of immersion in virtual reality on postural control. Neuroscience letters 379, 1 (2005), 23–26.Google Scholar
- Samuel Ang and John Quarles. 2020. GingerVR: An Open Source Repository of Cybersickness Reduction Techniques for Unity. In 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). IEEE, 460–463.Google Scholar
- World Medical Association 2001. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79, 4 (2001), 373.Google Scholar
- Josef Bailer, M Witthöft, and F Rist. 2006. The chemical odor sensitivity scale: reliability and validity of a screening instrument for idiopathic environmental intolerance. Journal of psychosomatic research 61, 1 (2006), 71–79.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Alan J Benson. 2002. Motion sickness. Medical aspects of harsh environments 2 (2002), 1048–1083.Google Scholar
- Jelte E Bos, Willem Bles, and Eric L Groen. 2008. A theory on visually induced motion sickness. Displays 29, 2 (2008), 47–57.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jelte E Bos, Sjoerd C de Vries, Martijn L van Emmerik, and Eric L Groen. 2010. The effect of internal and external fields of view on visually induced motion sickness. Applied ergonomics 41, 4 (2010), 516–521.Google Scholar
- Caroline Bushdid, Marcelo O Magnasco, Leslie B Vosshall, and Andreas Keller. 2014. Humans can discriminate more than 1 trillion olfactory stimuli. Science 343, 6177 (2014), 1370–1372.Google Scholar
- E Leslie Cameron. 2014. Pregnancy and olfaction: a review. Applied Olfactory Cognition(2014), 177.Google Scholar
- John G Casali. 1985. Vehicular Simulation-Induced Sickness. Volume 1. An Overview.Technical Report. DTIC Document.Google Scholar
- EunHee Chang, InJae Hwang, Hyeonjin Jeon, Yeseul Chun, Hyun Taek Kim, and Changhoon Park. 2013. Effects of rest frames on cybersickness and oscillatory brain activity. In 2013 International Winter Workshop on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI). IEEE, 62–64.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Bob Cheung and Kevin Hofer. 2005. Desensitization to strong vestibular stimuli improves tolerance to simulated aircraft motion. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 76, 12 (2005), 1099–1104.Google Scholar
- BS Cheung, IP Howard, and KE Money. 1991. Visually-induced sickness in normal and bilaterally labyrinthine-defective subjects.Aviation, space, and environmental medicine(1991).Google Scholar
- Paulette Chiravalle and Ruth McCaffrey. 2005. Alternative therapy applications for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Holistic nursing practice 19, 5 (2005), 207–210.Google Scholar
- Hsin Chu, Min-Hui Li, Szu-Hsuan Juan, and Wen-Yao Chiou. 2012. Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on motion sickness induced by rotary chair: a crossover study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 18, 5 (2012), 494–500.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sue VG Cobb, Sarah Nichols, Amanda Ramsey, and John R Wilson. 1999. Virtual reality-induced symptoms and effects (VRISE). Presence: teleoperators and virtual environments 8, 2(1999), 169–186.Google Scholar
- Lorenza S Colzato, Roberta Sellaro, Claudia Rossi Paccani, and Bernhard Hommel. 2014. Attentional control in the attentional blink is modulated by odor. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 76, 6 (2014), 1510–1515.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Patricia S Cowings and William B Toscano. 2000. Autogenic-Feedback Training Exercise Is Superior to Promethazine for Control of Motion Sickness Symptoms. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 40, 10 (2000), 1154–1165.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Johannes Dichgans and Thomas Brandt. 1978. Visual-vestibular interaction: Effects on self-motion perception and postural control. In Perception. Springer, 755–804.Google Scholar
- Miguel A Diego, Nancy Aaron Jones, Tiffany Field, Maria Hernandez-Reif, Saul Schanberg, Cynthia Kuhn, Mary Galamaga, Virginia McAdam, and Robert Galamaga. 1998. Aromatherapy positively affects mood, EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. International journal of neuroscience 96, 3-4 (1998), 217–224.Google Scholar
- Cyriel Diels and Peter A Howarth. 2013. Frequency characteristics of visually induced motion sickness. Human factors 55, 3 (2013), 595–604.Google Scholar
- Jose L Dorado and Pablo A Figueroa. 2014. Ramps are better than stairs to reduce cybersickness in applications based on a HMD and a gamepad. In 2014 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI). IEEE, 47–50.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mark H Draper, Erik S Viirre, Thomas A Furness, and Valerie J Gawron. 2001. Effects of image scale and system time delay on simulator sickness within head-coupled virtual environments. Human factors 43, 1 (2001), 129–146.Google Scholar
- Henry Been-Lirn Duh, Donald E Parker, James O Philips, and Thomas A Furness. 2004. ”Conflicting” motion cues to the visual and vestibular self-motion systems around 0.06 Hz evoke simulator sickness. Human Factors 46, 1 (2004), 142–153.Google Scholar
- Arthur Estrada, Patricia A LeDuc, Ian P Curry, Shean E Phelps, and Daniel R Fuller. 2007. Airsickness prevention in helicopter passengers. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 78, 4 (2007), 408–413.Google Scholar
- Yasin Farmani and Robert J Teather. 2020. Evaluating discrete viewpoint control to reduce cybersickness in virtual reality. Virtual Reality (2020), 1–20.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ajoy S Fernandes and Steven K Feiner. 2016. Combating VR sickness through subtle dynamic field-of-view modification. In 2016 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI). IEEE, 201–210.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Luisa Ferruggiari, Barbara Ragione, Ellen R Rich, and Kathleen Lock. 2012. The effect of aromatherapy on postoperative nausea in women undergoing surgical procedures. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing 27, 4 (2012), 246–251.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Peter J Gianaros, Eric R Muth, J Toby Mordkoff, Max E Levine, and Robert M Stern. 2001. A questionnaire for the assessment of the multiple dimensions of motion sickness. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 72, 2 (2001), 115.Google Scholar
- John F Golding and Michael A Gresty. 2005. Motion sickness. Current opinion in neurology 18, 1 (2005), 29–34.Google Scholar
- Eric L Groen and Jelte E Bos. 2008. Simulator sickness depends on frequency of the simulator motion mismatch: An observation. Presence 17, 6 (2008), 584–593.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Heiko Hecht, Erika L Brown, and Laurence R Young. 2002. Adapting to artificial gravity (AG) at high rotational speeds. In Life in Space for Life on Earth, Vol. 501. 151–155.Google Scholar
- T Hummel, R von Mering, R Huch, and N Kölble. 2002. Olfactory modulation of nausea during early pregnancy?BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 109, 12(2002), 1394–1397.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Yuichiro Kato, Hiroshi Endo, Tatsu Kobayakawa, Kazuhiro Kato, and Satoshi Kitazaki. 2012. Effects of intermittent odours on cognitive-motor performance and brain functioning during mental fatigue. Ergonomics 55, 1 (2012), 1–11.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Robert S Kellogg, Robert S Kennedy, and Ashton Graybiel. 1964. Motion sickness symptomatology of labyrinthine defective and normal subjects during zero gravity maneuvers. Technical Report. DTIC Document.Google Scholar
- Robert S Kennedy, Julie Drexler, and Robert C Kennedy. 2010. Research in visually induced motion sickness. Applied ergonomics 41, 4 (2010), 494–503.Google Scholar
- Robert S Kennedy and Ashton Graybiel. 1961. Symptomatology during prolonged exposure in a constantly rotating environment at a velocity of one revolution per minute. Technical Report. DTIC Document.Google Scholar
- Robert S Kennedy, Norman E Lane, Kevin S Berbaum, and Michael G Lilienthal. 1993. Simulator sickness questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. The international journal of aviation psychology 3, 3 (1993), 203–220.Google Scholar
- Robert S Kennedy, Gilbert C Tolhurst, and Ashton Graybiel. 1965. THE EFFECTS OF VISUAL DEPRIVATION ON ADAPTATION TO A ROTATING ENVIRONMENT.Technical Report. DTIC Document.Google Scholar
- Behrang Keshavarz and Heiko Hecht. 2011. Validating an efficient method to quantify motion sickness. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53, 4(2011), 415–426.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Behrang Keshavarz, Daniela Stelzmann, Aurore Paillard, and Heiko Hecht. 2015. Visually induced motion sickness can be alleviated by pleasant odors. Experimental brain research 233, 5 (2015), 1353–1364.Google Scholar
- NE Lane and RS Kennedy. 1988. A new method for quantifying simulator sickness: development and application of the simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ). Orlando, FL: Essex Corporation(1988), 88–7.Google Scholar
- Joseph J LaViola Jr. 2000. A discussion of cybersickness in virtual environments. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 32, 1 (2000), 47–56.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ben D Lawson. 2014. Motion Sickness Symptomatology and Origins.Google Scholar
- Chen-An Li and Su-Ling Yeh. 2011. What you smell affects different components of your visual attention. i-Perception 2, 8 (2011), 942–942.Google Scholar
- Han-Chung Lien, Wei Ming Sun, Yen-Hsueh Chen, Hyerang Kim, William Hasler, and Chung Owyang. 2003. Effects of ginger on motion sickness and gastric slow-wave dysrhythmias induced by circular vection. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 284, 3 (2003), G481–G489.Google ScholarCross Ref
- JJ-W Lin, Henry Been-Lirn Duh, Donald E Parker, Habib Abi-Rached, and Thomas A Furness. 2002. Effects of field of view on presence, enjoyment, memory, and simulator sickness in a virtual environment. In Virtual Reality, 2002. Proceedings. IEEE. IEEE, 164–171.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Michael E McCauley and Thomas J Sharkey. 1992. Cybersickness: Perception of self-motion in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 1, 3(1992), 311–318.Google ScholarCross Ref
- George Andrew Michael, Lawrence Jacquot, Jean-Louis Millot, and Gérard Brand. 2005. Ambient odors influence the amplitude and time course of visual distraction.Behavioral neuroscience 119, 3 (2005), 708.Google Scholar
- Jason D Moss and Eric R Muth. 2011. Characteristics of head-mounted displays and their effects on simulator sickness. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53, 3(2011), 308–319.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Eric R Muth, Robert M Stern, Julian F Thayer, and Kenneth L Koch. 1996. Assessment of the multiple dimensions of nausea: the Nausea Profile (NP). Journal of psychosomatic research 40, 5 (1996), 511–520.Google ScholarCross Ref
- AC Paillard, Maryam Lamôré, Olivier Etard, J-L Millot, L Jacquot, P Denise, and G Quarck. 2014. Is there a relationship between odors and motion sickness?Neuroscience letters 566(2014), 326–330.Google Scholar
- Robert Patterson, Marc D Winterbottom, and Byron J Pierce. 2006. Perceptual issues in the use of head-mounted visual displays. Human factors 48, 3 (2006), 555–573.Google Scholar
- Jerrold D Prothero. 1998. The role of rest frames in vection, presence and motion sickness. (1998).Google Scholar
- Nimesha Ranasinghe, Pravar Jain, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Tram, Koon Chuan Raymond Koh, David Tolley, Shienny Karwita, Lin Lien-Ya, Yan Liangkun, Kala Shamaiah, Chow Eason Wai Tung, 2018. Season traveller: Multisensory narration for enhancing the virtual reality experience. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 577.Google ScholarDigital Library
- James T Reason. 1978. Motion sickness adaptation: a neural mismatch model.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 71, 11 (1978), 819.Google Scholar
- James T Reason and Joseph John Brand. 1975. Motion sickness.Academic press.Google Scholar
- EC Regan and KR Price. 1994. The frequency of occurrence and severity of side-effects of immersion virtual reality.Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine(1994).Google Scholar
- Fleur D Sang, Jessica P Billar, John F Golding, and Michael A Gresty. 2003. Behavioral methods of alleviating motion sickness: effectiveness of controlled breathing and a music audiotape. Journal of travel medicine 10, 2 (2003), 108–111.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Avi Shupak and Carlos R Gordon. 2006. Motion sickness: advances in pathogenesis, prediction, prevention, and treatment. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 77, 12 (2006), 1213–1223.Google Scholar
- Noam Sobel, Vivek Prabhakaran, Catherine A Hartley, John E Desmond, Zuo Zhao, Gary H Glover, John DE Gabrieli, and Edith V Sullivan. 1998. Odorant-induced and sniff-induced activation in the cerebellum of the human. Journal of Neuroscience 18, 21 (1998), 8990–9001.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kay M Stanney and Phillip Hash. 1998. Locus of user-initiated control in virtual environments: Influences on cybersickness. Presence: Teleoperators and virtual environments 7, 5(1998), 447–459.Google Scholar
- Kay M Stanney and Robert S Kennedy. 1997. The psychometrics of cybersickness. Commun. ACM 40, 8 (1997), 66–68.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sylvina Tate. 1997. Peppermint oil: a treatment for postoperative nausea. Journal of advanced nursing 26, 3 (1997), 543–549.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Chantal Triscoli, Ilona Croy, Håkan Olausson, and Uta Sailer. 2014. Liking and wanting pleasant odors: different effects of repetitive exposure in men and women. Applied Olfactory Cognition(2014), 169.Google Scholar
- Martin Usoh, Ernest Catena, Sima Arman, and Mel Slater. 2000. Using presence questionnaires in reality. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 9, 5(2000), 497–503.Google ScholarDigital Library
- David Whittinghill, Bradley Ziegler, James Moore, and Tristan Case. 2015. Nasum virtualis: A simple technique for reducing simulator sickness. In Games Developers Conference (GDC).Google Scholar
- JR Wilson, SC Nichols, and A Ramsey. 1995. Virtual reality health and safety: Facts, speculation and myths. VR News 4, 9 (1995), 20–24.Google Scholar
- Bob G Witmer and Michael J Singer. 1998. Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire. Presence 7, 3 (1998), 225–240.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Daniel Zielasko, Alexander Meißner, Sebastian Freitag, Benjamin Weyers, and Torsten W Kuhlen. 2018. Dynamic field of view reduction related to subjective sickness measures in an HMD-based data analysis task. In Proc. of IEEE VR Workshop on Everyday Virtual Reality.Google Scholar
Recommendations
Investigating motion sickness techniques for immersive virtual environments
PETRA '19: Proceedings of the 12th ACM International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive EnvironmentsMotion sickness is one of important issues in immersive virtual environments. In some cases it may last for hours after participation in the virtual experience. Reducing the amount of motion sickness in healthcare applications is of great importance. ...
Reductions in sickness with repeated exposure to HMD-based virtual reality appear to be game-specific
AbstractWhile head-mounted display (HMD) based gaming is often limited by cybersickness, research suggests that repeated exposure to virtual reality (VR) can reduce the severity of these symptoms. This study was therefore aimed at: (1) examining the ...
Differences in virtual and physical head orientation predict sickness during active head-mounted display-based virtual reality
AbstractDuring head-mounted display (HMD)-based virtual reality (VR), head movements and motion-to-photon-based display lag generate differences in our virtual and physical head pose (referred to as DVP). We propose that large-amplitude, time-varying ...
Comments