skip to main content
research-article

Predictive Analytics for Smart Parking: A Deep Learning Approach in Forecasting of IoT Data

Published: 09 June 2021 Publication History

Abstract

Nowadays, a sustainable and smart city focuses on energy efficiency and the reduction of polluting emissions through smart mobility projects and initiatives to “sensitize” infrastructure. Smart parking is one of the building blocks of intelligent mobility, innovative mobility that aims to be flexible, integrated, and sustainable and consequently integrated into a Smart City. By using the Internet of Things (IoT) sensors located in the parking areas or the underground car parks in combination with a mobile application, which indicates to citizens the free places in the different areas of the city and guides them toward the chosen parking, it is possible to reduce air pollution and fluidifying noise traffic. In this article, we present and discuss an innovative Deep Learning-based ensemble technique in forecasting the parking space occupancy to reduce the search time for parking and to optimize the flow of cars in particularly congested areas, with an overall positive impact on traffic in urban centres. A genetic algorithm has also been used to optimize predictors parameters. The main goal is to design an intelligent IoT-based service that can predict, in the next few hours, the parking spaces occupancy of a street. The proposed approach has been assessed on a real IoT dataset composed by over than 15M of collected sensor records. Obtained results demonstrate that our method outperforms both single predictors and the widely used strategy of the mean providing inherently robust predictions.

References

[1]
Ratnadip Adhikari. 2015. A neural network based linear ensemble framework for time series forecasting. Neurocomputing 157 (2015), 231–242.
[2]
Fadi Al-Turjman and Arman Malekloo. 2019. Smart parking in IoT-enabled cities: A survey. In Sustainable Cities and Society 49 (2019), 101608.
[3]
Walaa Alajali, Sheng Wen, and Wanlei Zhou. 2017. On-street car parking prediction in smart city: a multi-source data analysis in sensor-cloud environment. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Security, Privacy and Anonymity in Computation, Communication and Storage. Springer, 641–652.
[4]
Z. Allam and Z. A. Dhunny. 2019. On big data, artificial intelligence and smart cities. Cities 89 (2019), 80–91.
[5]
Giuseppe Amato, Fabio Carrara, Fabrizio Falchi, Claudio Gennaro, Carlo Meghini, and Claudio Vairo. 2017. Deep learning for decentralized parking lot occupancy detection. Exp. Syst. Appl. 72 (2017), 327–334.
[6]
Yali Amit, Donald Geman, and Kenneth Wilder. 1997. Joint induction of shape features and tree classifiers. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 19, 11 (1997), 1300–1305.
[7]
J. Armstrong. 2001. Combining forecasts. Marketing Papers. Retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/marketing_papers/34
[8]
J. Scott Armstrong. 2001. Combining forecasts. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, vol 30. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-47630-3_19
[9]
Ilhan Aydin, Mehmet Karakose, and Ebru Karakose. 2017. A navigation and reservation based smart parking platform using genetic optimization for smart cities. In Proceedings of the 2017 5th International Istanbul Smart Grid and Cities Congress and Fair (ICSG’17). IEEE, 120–124.
[10]
John M. Bates and Clive W. J. Granger. 1969. The combination of forecasts. J. Operat. Res. Soc. 20, 4 (1969), 451–468.
[11]
C. Benevolo, R. P. Dameri, and B. D’Auria. 2016. Smart mobility in smart city action taxonomy, ICT intensity and public benefits. Lect. Not. Inf. Syst. Org. 11 (2016), 13–28.
[12]
Christoph Bergmeir and José M. Benítez. 2012. On the use of cross-validation for time series predictor evaluation. Inf. Sci. 191 (2012), 192–213.
[13]
Anastasia Borovykh, Sander Bohte, and Cornelis W. Oosterlee. 2017. Conditional time series forecasting with convolutional neural networks. arXiv:1703.04691. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04691.
[14]
Leo Breiman. 1996. Bagging predictors. Mach. Learn. 24, 2 (1996), 123–140.
[15]
Leo Breiman. 2001. Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45, 1 (2001), 5–32.
[16]
Andrés Camero, Jamal Toutouh, Daniel H. Stolfi, and Enrique Alba. 2018. Evolutionary deep learning for car park occupancy prediction in smart cities. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning and Intelligent Optimization. Springer, 386–401.
[17]
Todd E. Clark and Michael W. McCracken. 2009. Improving forecast accuracy by combining recursive and rolling forecasts*. Int. Econ. Rev. 50, 2 (2009), 363–395.
[18]
George Cybenko. 1989. Approximation by superpositions of a sigmoidal function. Math. Contr. Sign. Syst. 2, 4 (1989), 303–314.
[19]
Lilian M. de Menezes, Derek W. Bunn, and James W. Taylor. 2000. Review of guidelines for the use of combined forecasts. Eur. J. Operat. Res. 120, 1 (2000), 190–204.
[20]
Bradley Efron. 1992. Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. In Breakthroughs in Statistics. Springer, 569–593.
[21]
Philippe Esling and Carlos Agon. 2012. Time-series data mining. ACM Comput. Surv. 45, 1 (2012), 12.
[22]
Jerome Friedman, Trevor Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani. 2001. The Elements of Statistical Learning. Springer Series in Statistics, Vol. 1. Springer, New York, NY.
[23]
S. Garg, K. Kaur, S. Batra, G. S. Aujla, G. Morgan, N. Kumar, A. Y. Zomaya, and R. Ranjan. 2020. En-ABC: An ensemble artificial bee colony based anomaly detection scheme for cloud environment. J. Parallel Distrib. Comput. 135 (2020), 219–233.
[24]
David E. Goldberg and John H. Holland. 1988. Genetic algorithms and machine learning. Mach. Learn. 3, 2 (01 10 1988), 95–99.
[25]
Eric J. Hartman, James D. Keeler, and Jacek M. Kowalski. 1990. Layered neural networks with gaussian hidden units as universal approximations. Neur. Comput. 2, 2 (1990), 210–215.
[26]
Sepp Hochreiter and Jürgen Schmidhuber. 1997. Long short-term memory. Neur. Comput. 9, 8 (1997), 1735–1780.
[27]
Arthur E. Hoerl and Robert W. Kennard. 1970. Ridge regression: Biased estimation for nonorthogonal problems. Technometrics 12, 1 (1970), 55–67.
[28]
John H. Holland. 1962. Outline for a logical theory of adaptive systems. J. ACM 9, 3 (07 1962), 297–314.
[29]
E. Ismagilova, L. Hughes, Y. K. Dwivedi, and K. R. Raman. 2019. Smart cities: Advances in research-An information systems perspective. Int. J. Inf. Manage. 47 (2019), 88–100. cited By 67.
[30]
Victor Richmond R. Jose and Robert L. Winkler. 2008. Simple robust averages of forecasts: Some empirical results. Int. J. Forecast. 24, 1 (2008), 163–169.
[31]
Yiannis Kamarianakis and Poulicos Prastacos. 2003. Forecasting traffic flow conditions in an urban network: Comparison of multivariate and univariate approaches. Transport. Res. Rec. 1857, 1 (2003), 74–84.
[32]
Yiannis Kamarianakis, Wei Shen, and Laura Wynter. 2012. Real-time road traffic forecasting using regime-switching space-time models and adaptive LASSO. Appl. Stochast. Models Bus. Industr. 28, 4 (2012), 297–315.
[33]
K. Kaur, S. Garg, G. Kaddoum, E. Bou-Harb, and K.-K.R. Choo. 2020. A big data-enabled consolidated framework for energy efficient software defined data centers in IoT setups. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf. 16, 4 (2020), 2687–2697.
[34]
Abhirup Khanna and Rishi Anand. 2016. IoT based smart parking system. In Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA’16). IEEE, 266–270.
[35]
Y. Lecun, L. Bottou, Y. Bengio, and P. Haffner. 1998. Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc. IEEE 86, 11 (11 1998), 2278–2324.
[36]
Martin Leutbecher and Tim N. Palmer. 2008. Ensemble forecasting. J. Comput. Phys. 227, 7 (2008), 3515–3539.
[37]
Trista Lin, Hervé Rivano, and Frédéric Le Mouël. 2017. A survey of smart parking solutions. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst. 18, 12 (2017), 3229–3253.
[38]
Spyros Makridakis and Robert L. Winkler. 1983. Averages of forecasts: Some empirical results. Manage. Sci. 29, 9 (1983), 987–996.
[39]
M. Mohammadi and A. Al-Fuqaha. 2018. Enabling cognitive smart cities using big data and machine learning: Approaches and challenges. IEEE Commun. Mag. 56, 2 (2018), 94–101.
[40]
Liangbo Qi, Hui Yu, and Peiyan Chen. 2014. Selective ensemble-mean technique for tropical cyclone track forecast by using ensemble prediction systems. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 140, 680 (2014), 805–813.
[41]
Tooraj Rajabioun and Petros A. Ioannou. 2015. On-street and off-street parking availability prediction using multivariate spatiotemporal models. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst. 16, 5 (2015), 2913–2924.
[42]
Maxim Shcherbakov, Adriaan Brebels, N. L. Shcherbakova, Anton Tyukov, T. A. Janovsky, and V. A. Kamaev. 2013. A survey of forecast error measures. World Appl. Sci. J. 24 (2013), 171–176.
[43]
Jong-Ho Shin and Hong-Bae Jun. 2014. A study on smart parking guidance algorithm. Transport. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol. 44 (2014), 299–317.
[44]
C. Stracener, Q. Samelson, J. MacKie, M. Ihaza, P. A. Laplante, and B. Amaba. 2019. The internet of things grows artificial intelligence and data sciences. IT Profess. 21, 3 (2019), 55–62.
[45]
Stéphane Cédric Koumetio Tekouabou, Walid Cherif, Hassan Silkan, et al. 2020. Improving parking availability prediction in smart cities with IoT and ensemble-based model. J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci. (2020).
[46]
Robert Tibshirani. 1996. Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso. J. Roy. Stat. Soc.: Ser. B (Methodol.) 58, 1 (1996), 267–288. arXiv:https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/ 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x
[47]
Sudhir Varma and Richard Simon. 2006. Bias in error estimation when using cross-validation for model selection. BMC Bioinf. 7, 1 (2006), 91.
[48]
Eleni I. Vlahogianni, Konstantinos Kepaptsoglou, Vassileios Tsetsos, and Matthew G. Karlaftis. 2016. A real-time parking prediction system for smart cities. J. Intell. Transport. Syst. 20, 2 (2016), 192–204.
[49]
Amtul Waheed, Jana Shafi, and P. Venkata Krishna. 2020. Analyzing significant reduction in traffic by Using Restricted Smart Parking. In Emerging Research in Data Engineering Systems and Computer Communications. Springer, 27–40.
[50]
Huai-zhi Wang, Gang-qiang Li, Gui-bin Wang, Jian-chun Peng, Hui Jiang, and Yi-tao Liu. 2017. Deep learning based ensemble approach for probabilistic wind power forecasting. Appl. Energy 188 (2017), 56–70.
[51]
Shuguan Yang, Wei Ma, Xidong Pi, and Sean Qian. 2019. A deep learning approach to real-time parking occupancy prediction in transportation networks incorporating multiple spatio-temporal data sources. Transport. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol. 107 (2019), 248–265.
[52]
Yajie Zou, Xinxin Zhu, Yunlong Zhang, and Xiaosi Zeng. 2014. A space–time diurnal method for short-term freeway travel time prediction. Transport. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol. 43 (2014), 33–49.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Exploring Trends, Perspectives, and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable MobilityUtilizing Technology to Manage Territories10.4018/979-8-3693-6854-1.ch007(207-238)Online publication date: 25-Oct-2024
  • (2024)Machine Learning‐Based Prediction of Parking Space Availability in IoT‐Enabled Smart Parking Management SystemsJournal of Advanced Transportation10.1155/2024/84749732024:1Online publication date: 9-Aug-2024
  • (2024)SmartPark: AI and IoT-Enabled Automated Parking System for Urban Efficiency2024 International Conference on Sustainable Communication Networks and Application (ICSCNA)10.1109/ICSCNA63714.2024.10863915(120-125)Online publication date: 11-Dec-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Predictive Analytics for Smart Parking: A Deep Learning Approach in Forecasting of IoT Data

        Recommendations

        Comments

        Information & Contributors

        Information

        Published In

        cover image ACM Transactions on Internet Technology
        ACM Transactions on Internet Technology  Volume 21, Issue 3
        August 2021
        522 pages
        ISSN:1533-5399
        EISSN:1557-6051
        DOI:10.1145/3468071
        • Editor:
        • Ling Liu
        Issue’s Table of Contents
        Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

        Publisher

        Association for Computing Machinery

        New York, NY, United States

        Publication History

        Accepted: 01 July 2021
        Published: 09 June 2021
        Revised: 01 July 2020
        Received: 01 May 2020
        Published in TOIT Volume 21, Issue 3

        Permissions

        Request permissions for this article.

        Check for updates

        Author Tags

        1. Deep learning
        2. artificial intelligence
        3. internet of things
        4. smart city
        5. predictive analytics

        Qualifiers

        • Research-article
        • Refereed

        Funding Sources

        • CeSMA
        • Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati
        • University of Naples Federico II

        Contributors

        Other Metrics

        Bibliometrics & Citations

        Bibliometrics

        Article Metrics

        • Downloads (Last 12 months)104
        • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)9
        Reflects downloads up to 05 Mar 2025

        Other Metrics

        Citations

        Cited By

        View all
        • (2024)Exploring Trends, Perspectives, and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable MobilityUtilizing Technology to Manage Territories10.4018/979-8-3693-6854-1.ch007(207-238)Online publication date: 25-Oct-2024
        • (2024)Machine Learning‐Based Prediction of Parking Space Availability in IoT‐Enabled Smart Parking Management SystemsJournal of Advanced Transportation10.1155/2024/84749732024:1Online publication date: 9-Aug-2024
        • (2024)SmartPark: AI and IoT-Enabled Automated Parking System for Urban Efficiency2024 International Conference on Sustainable Communication Networks and Application (ICSCNA)10.1109/ICSCNA63714.2024.10863915(120-125)Online publication date: 11-Dec-2024
        • (2024)IoT-Enabled Smart Parking System using Machine Learning for Real-Time Parking Prediction2024 4th International Conference on Mobile Networks and Wireless Communications (ICMNWC)10.1109/ICMNWC63764.2024.10872298(1-6)Online publication date: 4-Dec-2024
        • (2024)Artificial intelligence for parking forecasting: an extensive survey of machine learning techniquesTransportmetrica A: Transport Science10.1080/23249935.2024.2409229(1-39)Online publication date: 16-Oct-2024
        • (2024)Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence for Advanced Materials Processing: A review on opportunities and challengesE3S Web of Conferences10.1051/e3sconf/202450501027505(01027)Online publication date: 25-Mar-2024
        • (2024)Exploring the influence of linear infrastructure projects 4.0 technologies to promote sustainable development in smart citiesResults in Engineering10.1016/j.rineng.2024.10282423(102824)Online publication date: Sep-2024
        • (2024)GRAPHITE — Generative Reasoning and Analysis for Predictive Handling in Traffic EfficiencyInformation Fusion10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102265106:COnline publication date: 25-Jun-2024
        • (2024)Age-appropriate design of smart senior care product APP interface based on deep learningHeliyon10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e2856710:7(e28567)Online publication date: Apr-2024
        • (2024)Smart parking systems technologies, tools, and challenges for implementing in a smart city environment: a survey based on IoT & ML perspectiveInternational Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics10.1007/s13042-023-02056-515:7(2673-2694)Online publication date: 2-Jan-2024
        • Show More Cited By

        View Options

        Login options

        Full Access

        View options

        PDF

        View or Download as a PDF file.

        PDF

        eReader

        View online with eReader.

        eReader

        HTML Format

        View this article in HTML Format.

        HTML Format

        Figures

        Tables

        Media

        Share

        Share

        Share this Publication link

        Share on social media