skip to main content
research-article

Designing Digital Safe Spaces for Peer Support and Connectivity in Patriarchal Contexts

Published: 15 October 2020 Publication History

Abstract

This paper explores the opportunities and challenges in designing peer-support mechanisms for low-income,low-literate women in Pakistan, a patriarchal and religious context where women's movements, social relationsand access to digital technologies are restricted. Through a qualitative, empirical study with 21 participantswe examine the cultural and patriarchal framework where shame and fear of defamation restrict the seekingof support for personal narratives around taboo subjects like abortion, sexual harassment, rape and domesticabuse. Based on our qualitative data we also conduct a second qualitative study using a technology probe with15 low-income, low-literate women to explore the specific design of peer-support technologies for supportseeking and the sharing of sensitive and taboo narratives in a deeply patriarchal society. The design concernsraised by our participants regarding privacy, anonymity and safety provide CSCW researchers with valuableguidelines about designing for social connections and support for vulnerable populations within a particularcontext.

References

[1]
2019. After Soul Sisters Pakistan, #SheMeansBusiness to empower women entrepreneurs. (2019). https://dailytimes. com.pk/362894/after-soul-sisters-pakistan-shemeansbusiness-to-empower-women-entrepreneurs/
[2]
Farah Ahmad, Natasha Driver, Mary Jane McNally, and Donna E Stewart. 2009. "Why doesn't she seek help for partner abuse?" An exploratory study with South Asian immigrant women. Social science & medicine 69, 4 (2009), 613--622.
[3]
Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Md Romael Haque, Jay Chen, and Nicola Dell. 2017. Digital privacy challenges with shared mobile phone use in bangladesh. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 1, CSCW (2017), 17.
[4]
Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Md. Romael Haque, Irtaza Haider, Jay Chen, and Nicola Dell. 2019. "Everyone Has Some Personal Stuff": Designing to Support Digital Privacy with Shared Mobile Phone Use in Bangladesh (CHI '19). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 180, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300410
[5]
Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Md Romael Haque, Irtaza Haider, Jay Chen, and Nicola Dell. 2019. Everyone Has Some Personal Stuff: Designing to Support Digital Privacy with Shared Mobile Phone Use in Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 180.
[6]
Teresa Almeida, Rob Comber, and Madeline Balaam. 2016. HCI and Intimate Care as an Agenda for Change in Women's Health. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2599--2611.
[7]
Nazanin Andalibi, Oliver L Haimson, Munmun De Choudhury, and Andrea Forte. 2016. Understanding social media disclosures of sexual abuse through the lenses of support seeking and anonymity. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 3906--3918.
[8]
Nazanin Andalibi, Pinar Ozturk, and Andrea Forte. 2017. Sensitive self-disclosures, responses, and social support on instagram: the case of# depression. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work and social computing. ACM, 1485--1500.
[9]
Shaowen Bardzell. 2010. Feminist HCI: taking stock and outlining an agenda for design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, 1301--1310.
[10]
Shaowen Bardzell and Jeffrey Bardzell. 2011. Towards a Feminist HCI Methodology: Social Science, Feminism, and HCI (CHI '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 675--684. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979041
[11]
Shaowen Bardzell and Jeffrey Bardzell. 2011. Towards a feminist HCI methodology: social science, feminism, and HCI. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 675--684.
[12]
Amna Batool, Ayesha Asghar, Tayeba Tariq, Mohsin Badar, Iqra Shahzad, Umair Anwar, and Mustafa Naseem. 2016. Design Methods to Reduce Technology Fear and Solicit Feedback from Lady Health Workers (LHWs) in Pakistan (ACM DEV '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 37, 4 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3001913.3006646
[13]
Deborah Belle. 1990. Poverty and women's mental health. American psychologist 45, 3 (1990), 385.
[14]
Jeremy Birnholtz, Nicholas Aaron Ross Merola, and Arindam Paul. 2015. Is it weird to still be a virgin: Anonymous, locally targeted questions on facebook confession boards. In Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, 2613--2622.
[15]
Kirsten Boehner, Janet Vertesi, Phoebe Sengers, and Paul Dourish. 2007. How HCI Interprets the Probes (CHI '07). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1077--1086. https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240789
[16]
Dan Coates and Tina Winston. 1987. The dilemma of distress disclosure. In Self-disclosure. Springer, 229--255.
[17]
Lorrie F Cranor. 2008. A framework for reasoning about the human in the loop. (2008).
[18]
Filomena M. Critelli. 2010. Beyond the Veil in Pakistan. Affilia 25, 3 (2010), 236--249. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0886109910375204 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109910375204
[19]
Nadia De Vecchi, Amanda Kenny, Virginia Dickson-Swift, and Susan Kidd. 2016. How digital storytelling is used in mental health: A scoping review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 25, 3 (2016), 183--193.
[20]
Sunita Dodani and Rukhsana Wamiq Zuberi. 2000. Center-based prevalence of anxiety and depression in women of the northern areas of Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association 50, 5 (2000), 138.
[21]
Mary Ellsberg, Henrica AFM Jansen, Lori Heise, Charlotte H Watts, Claudia Garcia-Moreno, et al. 2008. Intimate partner violence and women's physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence: an observational study. The Lancet 371, 9619 (2008), 1165--1172.
[22]
Daniel A Epstein, Nicole B Lee, Jennifer H Kang, Elena Agapie, Jessica Schroeder, Laura R Pina, James Fogarty, Julie A Kientz, and Sean Munson. 2017. Examining menstrual tracking to inform the design of personal informatics tools. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 6876--6888. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., Vol. 4, No. CSCW2, Article 146. Publication date: October 2020. Designing Digital Safe Spaces For Peer Support and Connectivity in Patriarchal Contexts 146:21
[23]
Marilyn Evans, Lorie Donelle, and Laurie Hume-Loveland. 2012. Social support and online postpartum depression discussion groups: A content analysis. Patient education and counseling 87, 3 (2012), 405--410.
[24]
F.F Fikree and L.I Bhatti. 1999. Domestic violence and health of Pakistani women. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 65, 2 (1999), 195--201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020--7292(99)00035--1
[25]
William Gaver and Anthony Dunne. 1999. Projected realities: conceptual design for cultural effect. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 600--607.
[26]
Joan Greenbaum. 1991. Towards Participatory Design: The Head and the Heart Revisited. DAIMI Report Series 20 (12 1991). https://doi.org/10.7146/dpb.v20i374.6606
[27]
Abdul Hadi. 2017. Patriarchy and gender-based violence in Pakistan. European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 4, 4 (2017), 297--304.
[28]
SM Taiabul Haque, Pratyasha Saha, Muhammad Sajidur Rahman, and Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed. 2019. Of Ulti,?hajano?, and" Matachetar otanetak datam" Exploring Local Practices of Exchanging Confidential and Sensitive Information in Urban Bangladesh. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (2019), 1--22.
[29]
Sam Havron, Diana Freed, Rahul Chatterjee, Damon McCoy, Nicola Dell, and Thomas Ristenpart. 2019. Clinical Computer Security for Victims of Intimate Partner Violence. In 28th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 19). USENIX Association, Santa Clara, CA, 105--122. https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity19/presentation/ havron
[30]
Fred Hohman, Andrew Head, Rich Caruana, Robert DeLine, and Steven M. Drucker. 2019. Gamut: A Design Probe to Understand How Data Scientists Understand Machine Learning Models (CHI '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300809
[31]
Sami Hulkko, Tuuli Mattelmäki, Katja Virtanen, and Turkka Keinonen. 2004. Mobile probes. In Proceedings of the third Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction. 43--51.
[32]
Hilary Hutchinson, Wendy Mackay, Bo Westerlund, Benjamin B. Bederson, Allison Druin, Catherine Plaisant, Michel Beaudouin-Lafon, Stéphane Conversy, Helen Evans, Heiko Hansen, Nicolas Roussel, and Björn Eiderbäck. 2003. Technology Probes: Inspiring Design for and with Families (CHI '03). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 17--24. https://doi.org/10.1145/642611.642616
[33]
Hilary Hutchinson, Wendy Mackay, Bo Westerlund, Benjamin B. Bederson, Allison Druin, Catherine Plaisant, Michel Beaudouin-Lafon, Stéphane Conversy, Helen Evans, Heiko Hansen, Nicolas Roussel, and Björn Eiderbäck. 2003. Technology Probes: Inspiring Design for and with Families (CHI '03). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 17--24. https: //doi.org/10.1145/642611.642616
[34]
Azra Ismail and Neha Kumar. 2018. Engaging Solidarity in Data Collection Practices for Community Health. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 2, CSCW, Article 76 (Nov. 2018), 24 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274345
[35]
Ahmed Itrat, Ather Mohammed Taqui, Fahd Qazi, and Waris Qidwai. 2007. Family systems: perceptions of elderly patients and their attendents presenting at a university hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of pakistan medical association 57, 2 (2007), 106.
[36]
Shireen J Jejeebhoy and Rebecca J Cook. 1997. State accountability for wife-beating: the Indian challenge. The Lancet 349 (1997), S10--S12.
[37]
Debra Kaminer. 2006. Healing Processes in Trauma Narratives: A Review. South African Journal of Psychology 36, 3 (2006), 481--499. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630603600304 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630603600304
[38]
Ruogu Kang, Laura Dabbish, and Katherine Sutton. 2016. Strangers on your phone: Why people use anonymous communication applications. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM conference on computer-supported cooperative work & social computing. ACM, 359--370.
[39]
Rozina Karmaliani, Nargis Asad, Carla M Bann, Nancy Moss, Elizabeth M Mcclure, Omrana Pasha, Linda L Wright, and Robert L Goldenberg. 2009. Prevalence of anxiety, depression and associated factors among pregnant women of Hyderabad, Pakistan. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 55, 5 (2009), 414--424.
[40]
Rozina Karmaliani, Nargis Asad, Carla M. Bann, Nancy Moss, Elizabeth M. Mcclure, Omrana Pasha, Linda L. Wright, and Robert L. Goldenberg. 2009. Prevalence of Anxiety, Depression and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women of Hyderabad, Pakistan. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 55, 5 (2009), 414--424. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0020764008094645 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764008094645 19592433.
[41]
Ronald C Kessler, Patricia Berglund, Olga Demler, Robert Jin, Doreen Koretz, Kathleen R Merikangas, A John Rush, Ellen E Walters, and Philip S Wang. 2003. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Jama 289, 23 (2003), 3095--3105.
[42]
Ronald C Kessler, Katherine A McGonagle, Christopher B Nelson, Michael Hughes, Marvin Swartz, and Dan G Blazer. 1994. Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. II: Cohort effects. Journal of affective disorders 30, 1 (1994), 15--26.
[43]
Christine Kuehner. 2003. Gender differences in unipolar depression: an update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 108, 3 (2003), 163--174. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., Vol. 4, No. CSCW2, Article 146. Publication date: October 2020. 146:22 Mustafa Naseem et al.
[44]
Neha Kumar, Naveena Karusala, Azra Ismail, and Anupriya Tuli. 2020. Taking the Long, Holistic, and Intersectional View to Women?s Wellbeing. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 27, 4, Article 23 (July 2020), 32 pages. https: //doi.org/10.1145/3397159
[45]
Graham Lampa. 2004. Imagining the blogosphere: An introduction to the imagined community of instant publishing. (2004).
[46]
Xiao Ma, Nazanin Andalibi, Louise Barkhuus, and Mor Naaman. 2017. "People Are Either Too Fake or Too Real": Opportunities and Challenges in Tie-Based Anonymity (CHI '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1781--1793. https: //doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025956
[47]
W Maier, M Gänsicke, R Gater, M Rezaki, B Tiemens, and R Florenzano Urzúa. 1999. Gender differences in the prevalence of depression: a survey in primary care. Journal of affective disorders 53, 3 (1999), 241--252.
[48]
Lena Mamykina, Elizabeth D Mynatt, and David R Kaufman. 2006. Investigating health management practices of individuals with diabetes. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in computing systems. 927--936.
[49]
David G Mandelbaum. 1993. Women's seclusion and men's honor: Sex roles in North India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. University of Arizona Press.
[50]
Tara Matthews, Kathleen O'Leary, Anna Turner, Manya Sleeper, Jill Palzkill Woelfer, Martin Shelton, Cori Manthorne, Elizabeth F Churchill, and Sunny Consolvo. 2017. Stories from survivors: Privacy & security practices when coping with intimate partner abuse. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2189--2201.
[51]
Ilyas Mirza and Rachel Jenkins. 2004. Risk factors, prevalence, and treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders in Pakistan: systematic review. Bmj 328, 7443 (2004), 794.
[52]
Valentine M Moghadam. 1992. Patriarchy and the politics of gender in modernising societies: Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. International Sociology 7, 1 (1992), 35--53.
[53]
Chandra Mohanty. 1988. Under Western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. Feminist review 30, 1 (1988), 61--88.
[54]
Aparna Moitra, Naeemul Hassan, Manash Kumar Mandal, Mansurul Bhuiyan, and Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed. 2020. Understanding the Challenges for Bangladeshi Women to Participate in MeToo Movement. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4, GROUP, Article 15 (Jan. 2020), 25 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3375195
[55]
Michael J. Muller. 2003. The Human-computer Interaction Handbook. L. Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, NJ, USA, Chapter Participatory Design: The Third Space in HCI, 1051--1068. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=772072.772138
[56]
David B Mumford, Fareed A Minhas, Imtiaz Akhtar, Saeed Akhter, and Malik H Mubbashar. 2000. Stress and psychiatric disorder in urban Rawalpindi: community survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry 177, 6 (2000), 557--562.
[57]
David B Mumford, Mohammed Nazir, Imam Yar Baig, et al. 1996. Stress and psychiatric disorder in the Hindu Kush: a community survey of mountain villages in Chitral, Pakistan. The British journal of psychiatry 168, 3 (1996), 299--307.
[58]
David B. Mumford, Khalid Saeed, Imtiaz Ahmad, Shazia Latif, and Malik H. Mubbashar. 1997. Stress and psychiatric disorder in rural Punjab: A community survey. British Journal of Psychiatry 170, 5 (1997), 473--478. https://doi.org/10. 1192/bjp.170.5.473
[59]
Zubia Mumtaz, Sarah Salway, Muneeba Waseem, and Nighat Umer. 2003. Gender-based barriers to primary health care provision in Pakistan: the experience of female providers. Health policy and planning 18, 3 (2003), 261--269.
[60]
Maryam Mustafa, Noor Mazhar, Ayesha Asghar, Maryem Zafar Usmani, Lubna Razaq, and Richard Anderson. 2019. Digital Financial Needs of Micro-entrepreneur Women in Pakistan: Is Mobile Money The Answer?. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 260. [61] Unaiza Niaz. 2004. Women's mental health in Pakistan. World psychiatry 3, 1 (2004), 60.
[61]
Fayika Farhat Nova, MD Rashidujjaman Rifat, Pratyasha Saha, Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, and Shion Guha. 2019. Online sexual harassment over anonymous social media in Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. 1--12.
[62]
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 20017--2018. Percentage Distribution Of Population By Age, Sex, Literacy And Level of Education. http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//Labour%20Force/publications/lfs2017_18/TABLE-3_perc_R.pdf Accessed: 2019-03--25.
[63]
UNESCO Institute of Statistics. 2017. Pakistan. http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/pk?theme=education-and-literacy. Accessed: 2019-09--15.
[64]
World Health Organization et al. 2000. International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology. Cross-national comparisons of the prevalences and correlates of mental disorders. Bulletin of the WHO 78, 4 (2000), 413--426.
[65]
Neil Patel, Deepti Chittamuru, Anupam Jain, Paresh Dave, and Tapan S. Parikh. 2010. Avaaj Otalo: A Field Study of an Interactive Voice Forum for Small Farmers in Rural India (CHI '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 733--742. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753434
[66]
Neil Patel, Deepti Chittamuru, Anupam Jain, Paresh Dave, and Tapan S Parikh. 2010. Avaaj otalo: a field study of an interactive voice forum for small farmers in rural india. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., Vol. 4, No. CSCW2, Article 146. Publication date: October 2020. Designing Digital Safe Spaces For Peer Support and Connectivity in Patriarchal Contexts 146:23 Computing Systems. ACM, 733--742.
[67]
Vikram Patel, Ricardo Araya, Mauricio De Lima, Ana Ludermir, and Charles Todd. 1999. Women, poverty and common mental disorders in four restructuring societies. Social science & medicine 49, 11 (1999), 1461--1471.
[68]
Marco Piccinelli, Francesca Gomez Homen, WHO Nations for Mental Health Initiative, World Health Organization, et al. 1997. Gender differences in the epidemiology of affective disorders and schizophrenia. Technical Report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
[69]
Maria A Pico-Alfonso, M Isabel Garcia-Linares, Nuria Celda-Navarro, Concepcion Blasco-Ros, Enrique Echeburua, and Manuela Martinez. 2006. The impact of physical, psychological, and sexual intimate male partner violence on women's mental health: depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder, state anxiety, and suicide. Journal of women's health 15, 5 (2006), 599--611.
[70]
Agha Ali Raza, Mansoor Pervaiz, Christina Milo, Samia Razaq, Guy Alster, Jahanzeb Sherwani, Umar Saif, and Roni Rosenfeld. 2012. Viral entertainment as a vehicle for disseminating speech-based services to low-literate users. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. ACM, 350--359.
[71]
Agha Ali Raza, Bilal Saleem, Shan Randhawa, Zain Tariq, Awais Athar, Umar Saif, and Roni Rosenfeld. 2018. Baang: a viral speech-based social platform for under-connected populations. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 643.
[72]
Agha Ali Raza, Farhan Ul Haq, Zain Tariq, Mansoor Pervaiz, Samia Razaq, Umar Saif, and Roni Rosenfeld. 2013. Job Opportunities Through Entertainment: Virally Spread Speech-based Services for Low-literate Users (CHI '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2803--2812. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2481389
[73]
Chantelle AM Richmond and Nancy A Ross. 2008. Social support, material circumstance and health behaviour: Influences on health in First Nation and Inuit communities of Canada. Social Science & Medicine 67, 9 (2008), 1423-- 1433.
[74]
Nithya Sambasivan, Amna Batool, Nova Ahmed, Tara Matthews, Kurt Thomas, Laura Sanely Gaytán-Lugo, David Nemer, Elie Bursztein, Elizabeth Churchill, and Sunny Consolvo. 2019. " They Don't Leave Us Alone Anywhere We Go": Gender and Digital Abuse in South Asia. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2.
[75]
Nithya Sambasivan, Garen Checkley, Amna Batool, Nova Ahmed, David Nemer, Laura Sanely Gaytán-Lugo, Tara Matthews, Sunny Consolvo, and Elizabeth Churchill. 2018. " Privacy is not for me, it's for those rich women": Performative Privacy Practices on Mobile Phones by Women in South Asia. In Fourteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security ({SOUPS} 2018). 127--142.
[76]
Nithya Sambasivan, Garen Checkley, Amna Batool, Nova Ahmed, David Nemer, Laura Sanely Gaytán-Lugo, Tara Matthews, Sunny Consolvo, and Elizabeth Churchill. 2018. "Privacy is not for me, it's for those rich women": Performative Privacy Practices on Mobile Phones by Women in South Asia. In Fourteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2018). USENIX Association, Baltimore, MD, 127--142. https://www.usenix.org/conference/ soups2018/presentation/sambasivan
[77]
Hanna Schneider, Malin Eiband, Daniel Ullrich, and Andreas Butz. 2018. Empowerment in HCI - A Survey and Framework (CHI '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 244, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173818
[78]
Bryan Semaan, Bryan Dosono, and Lauren M Britton. 2017. Impression management in high context societies:'Saving face'with ICT. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. ACM, 712--725.
[79]
Masood Ali Shaikh. 2003. Is domestic violence endemic in Pakistan: perspective from Pakistani wives. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 19, 1 (2003), 23--28.
[80]
Carmen Stavrositu and S Shyam Sundar. 2012. Does blogging empower women? Exploring the role of agency and community. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 17, 4 (2012), 369--386.
[81]
Sharifa Sultana, François Guimbretière, Phoebe Sengers, and Nicola Dell. 2018. Design within a patriarchal society: Opportunities and challenges in designing for rural women in bangladesh. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 536.
[82]
Indrani Medhi Thies, Ed Cutrell, and Kentaro Toyama. 2010. It's not just illiteracy. In India HCI in conjunction with the IFIP TC13 Special Interest Group on Interaction Design for International Development. https://www.microsoft.com/enus/research/publication/its-not-just-illiteracy/
[83]
Anupriya Tuli, Shaan Chopra, Neha Kumar, and Pushpendra Singh. 2018. Learning from and with Menstrupedia: Towards Menstrual Health Education in India. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 2, CSCW, Article 174 (Nov. 2018), 20 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274443
[84]
Aditya Vashistha, Ed Cutrell, Gaetano Borriello, and Bill Thies. 2015. Sangeet Swara: A Community-Moderated Voice Forum in Rural India. ACM - Association for Computing Machinery. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/ publication/sangeet-swara-a-community-moderated-voice-forum-in-rural-india/ Best of CHI Award. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., Vol. 4, No. CSCW2, Article 146. Publication date: October 2020. 146:24 Mustafa Naseem et al.
[85]
Aditya Vashistha, Abhinav Garg, Richard Anderson, and Agha Ali Raza. 2019. Threats, Abuses, Flirting, and Blackmail: Gender Inequity in Social Media Voice Forums. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 72.
[86]
Frank Vetere, Martin R Gibbs, Jesper Kjeldskov, Steve Howard, Florian'Floyd' Mueller, Sonja Pedell, Karen Mecoles, and Marcus Bunyan. 2005. Mediating intimacy: designing technologies to support strong-tie relationships. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. 471--480.
[87]
Yang Wang, Gregory Norice, and Lorrie Faith Cranor. 2011. Who is concerned about what? A study of American, Chinese and Indian users? privacy concerns on social network sites. In International conference on trust and trustworthy computing. Springer, 146--153.
[88]
Lishan Xue, Ching Chiuan Yen, Leanne Chang, Hock Chuan Chan, Bee Choo Tai, Say Beng Tan, Henry Been Lirn Duh, and Mahesh Choolani. 2012. An exploratory study of ageing women's perception on access to health informatics via a mobile phone-based intervention. International journal of medical informatics 81, 9 (2012), 637--648.
[89]
Fouzia Younas, Mustafa Naseem, and Maryam Mustafa. 2020. Patriarchy and Social Media: Women Only Facebook Groups as Safe Spaces for Support Seeking in Pakistan (ICTD2020). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 11, 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3392561.3394639
[90]
Rubeena Zakar, Muhammad Zakria Zakar, and Alexander Kraemer. 2013. Men's beliefs and attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women in Pakistan. Violence against women 19, 2 (2013), 246--268.
[91]
Rubeena Zakar, Muhammad Zakria Zakar, Rafael Mikolajczyk, and Alexander Kraemer. 2013. Spousal violence against women and its association with women's mental health in Pakistan. Health care for women international 34, 9 (2013), 795--813.
[92]
M. Zimmerman. 2000. Empowerment theory: Psychological, organizational and community levels of analysis. Handbook of Community Psychology (01 2000), 43--64.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Enhancing Women's Participation in Environmental LeadershipContemporary Management and Global Leadership for Sustainability10.4018/979-8-3693-1273-5.ch003(39-55)Online publication date: 23-Feb-2024
  • (2024)Life Histories of Taboo Knowledge ArtifactsProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36870448:CSCW2(1-32)Online publication date: 8-Nov-2024
  • (2024)Gendered, Collectivist Journeys: Exploring Sociotechnical Adaptation Among Afghan Refugees in the USAProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36870378:CSCW2(1-32)Online publication date: 8-Nov-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Designing Digital Safe Spaces for Peer Support and Connectivity in Patriarchal Contexts

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
    Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction  Volume 4, Issue CSCW2
    CSCW
    October 2020
    2310 pages
    EISSN:2573-0142
    DOI:10.1145/3430143
    Issue’s Table of Contents
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 15 October 2020
    Published in PACMHCI Volume 4, Issue CSCW2

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. ivr
    2. mental health
    3. patriarchy
    4. women

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)137
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)13
    Reflects downloads up to 03 Mar 2025

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2024)Enhancing Women's Participation in Environmental LeadershipContemporary Management and Global Leadership for Sustainability10.4018/979-8-3693-1273-5.ch003(39-55)Online publication date: 23-Feb-2024
    • (2024)Life Histories of Taboo Knowledge ArtifactsProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36870448:CSCW2(1-32)Online publication date: 8-Nov-2024
    • (2024)Gendered, Collectivist Journeys: Exploring Sociotechnical Adaptation Among Afghan Refugees in the USAProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36870378:CSCW2(1-32)Online publication date: 8-Nov-2024
    • (2024)'Women just have to accept it when the man wants it': An Investigation of the Practice of Forced Marriage and the Potential for Design InterventionsProceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/3679318.3685371(1-14)Online publication date: 13-Oct-2024
    • (2024)Experiences from Running a Participatory Media Platform for Women and Led by Women in Rural North IndiaProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36536858:CSCW1(1-23)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
    • (2024)Expanding Concepts of Non-Consensual Image-Disclosure Abuse: A Study of NCIDA in PakistanProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642871(1-17)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
    • (2024)Understanding Cultural and Religious Values Relating to Awareness of Women’s Intimate Health among Arab MuslimsProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642207(1-18)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
    • (2024)Designing online peer support for parents of adolescents at risk of mental health challengesProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642184(1-14)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
    • (2024)Problematising Sharenting of Supermoms in a Neoliberal ContextGender Issues10.1007/s12147-024-09348-242:1Online publication date: 11-Dec-2024
    • (2023)A Deep Dive into User's Preferences and Behavior around Mobile Phone SharingProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/35795957:CSCW1(1-22)Online publication date: 16-Apr-2023
    • Show More Cited By

    View Options

    Login options

    Full Access

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Figures

    Tables

    Media

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media