skip to main content
research-article

Survey on Periodic Scheduling for Time-triggered Hard Real-time Systems

Authors Info & Claims
Published:05 March 2021Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

This survey covers the basic principles and related works addressing the time-triggered scheduling of periodic tasks with deadlines. The wide range of applications and the increasing complexity of modern real-time systems result in the continually growing interest in this topic. However, the articles in this field appear without systematic notation. To address it, we extend the three-field Graham notation to cover periodic scheduling. Moreover, we formally define three example periodic scheduling problems (PSPs) and provide straightforward implementations of these examples in the Satisfiability Modulo Theories formalism with source codes. Then, we present a summary of the complexity results containing existing polynomially solvable PSPs. We also provide an overview of simple state-of-the-art methods and tricks to solve the PSPs efficiently in terms of time. Next, we survey the existing works on PSP according to the resource environment: scheduling on a single resource, on parallel identical resources, and on dedicated resources. In the survey, we indicate which works propose solution methods for more general PSPs. Finally, we present related problems that are not periodic by nature to provide inspiration for the PSP solution.

References

  1. Tarek F. Abdelzaher and Kang G. Shin. 1999. Combined task and message scheduling in distributed real-time systems. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 10, 11 (1999), 1179--1191.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  2. Benny Akesson, Mitra Nasri, Geoffrey Nelissen, Sebastian Altmeyer, and Robert I. Davis. 2020. An empirical survey-based study into industry practice in real-time systems. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’20). IEEE.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. Ahmad Al Sheikh, Olivier Brun, Pierre-Emmanuel Hladik, and Balakrishna J. Prabhu. 2012. Strictly periodic scheduling in IMA-based architectures. Real-Time Syst. 48, 4 (2012), 359--386.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. Amos Albert. 2004. Comparison of event-triggered and time-triggered concepts with regard to distributed control systems. Embed. World 2004 (2004), 235--252.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  5. Muhammad Ali Awan, Pedro F. Souto, Benny Akesson, Konstantinos Bletsas, and Eduardo Tovar. 2019. Uneven memory regulation for scheduling IMA applications on multi-core platforms. Real-Time Syst. 55, 2 (2019), 248--292.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. Egon Balas. 1968. Project Scheduling with Resource Constraints. Technical Report. Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  7. Amotz Bar-Noy, Randeep Bhatia, Joseph (Seffi) Naor, and Baruch Schieber. 2002a. Minimizing service and operation costs of periodic scheduling. Math. Oper. Res. 27, 3 (2002), 518--544.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  8. Amotz Bar-Noy, Vladimir Dreizin, and Boaz Patt-Shamir. 2004. Efficient algorithms for periodic scheduling. Comput. Netw. 45, 2 (2004), 155--173.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. Amotz Bar-Noy, Aviv Nisgav, and Boaz Patt-Shamir. 2002b. Nearly optimal perfectly periodic schedules. Distrib. Comput. 15, 4 (2002), 207--220.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Jeffrey R. Barker and Graham B. McMahon. 1985. Scheduling the general job-shop. Manage. Sci. 31, 5 (1985), 594--598.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. Sanjoy K. Baruah, Louis E. Rosier, and Rodney R. Howell. 1990. Algorithms and complexity concerning the preemptive scheduling of periodic, real-time tasks on one processor. Real-time Syst. 2, 4 (1990), 301--324.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. Matthias Becker, Dakshina Dasari, Borislav Nicolic, Benny Akesson, Vincent Nélis, and Thomas Nolte. 2016. Contention-free execution of automotive applications on a clustered many-core platform. In Proceedings of the 28th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS’16). 14--24.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  13. Sofiene Beji, Sardaouna Hamadou, Abdelouahed Gherbi, and John Mullins. 2014. SMT-based cost optimization approach for the integration of avionic functions in IMA and TTEthernet architectures. Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 18th International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real-Time Applications. 165--174.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. Alexander Biewer, Benjamin Andres, Jens Gladigau, Torsten Schaub, and Christian Haubelt. 2015. A symbolic system synthesis approach for hard real-time systems based on coordinated SMT-solving. In Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE’15). EDA Consortium. 357--362.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  15. Mathias Blikstad, Emil Karlsson, Tomas Lööw, and Elina Rönnberg. 2017. An optimisation approach for pre-runtime scheduling of tasks and communication in an integrated modular avionic system. Optimization and Engineering 19, 4 (2018), 977--1004.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  16. Yang Cai and M. C. Kong. 1996. Nonpreemptive scheduling of periodic tasks in uni- and multiprocessor systems. Algorithmica 15, 6 (1996), 572--599.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  17. Thomas Carle, Dumitru Potop-Butucaru, Yves Sorel, and David Lesens. 2015. From dataflow specification to multiprocessor partitioned time-triggered real-time implementation. Leibniz Trans. Embed. Syst. 2, 2 (2015), 1--1.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. Jinchao Chen, Chenglie Du, Fei Xie, and Zhenkun Yang. 2016. Schedulability analysis of non-preemptive strictly periodic tasks in multi-core real-time systems. Real-Time Syst. 52, 3 (2016), 239--271.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Sheng Cheng, John A. Stankovic, and Krithivasan Ramamritham. 1988. Scheduling algorithms for hard real-time systems--a brief survey. Tutor. Hard Real-Time Syst. (1988), 150--173.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  20. Sheng-Tzong Cheng and Ashok K. Agrawala. 1995. Allocation and scheduling of real-time periodic tasks with relative timing constraints. Proceedings Second International Workshop on Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications. 210--217.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  21. Silviu S. Craciunas and Ramon Serna Oliver. 2014. SMT-based task-and network-level static schedule generation for time-triggered networked systems. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Real-time Networks and Systems. ACM, 45.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  22. Liliana Cucu, Remy Kocik, and Yves Sorel. 2002. Real-time scheduling for systems with precedence, periodicity and latency constraints. Proceedings of the 10th Real-Time Systems Conference (RTS’02).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. Liliana Cucu and Yves Sorel. 2004. Non-preemptive multiprocessor scheduling for strict periodic systems with precedence constraints. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Workshop of the UK Planning and Scheduling Special Interest Group (PLANSIG’04).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. George Bernard Dantzig. 1998. Linear Programming and Extensions. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  25. Robert I. Davis and Alan Burns. 2011. A survey of hard real-time scheduling for multiprocessor systems. ACM Comput. Surv. 43, 4, Article 35 (2011), 44 pages.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  26. Federico Della Croce, Fabio Salassa, and Vincent T’kindt. 2014. A hybrid heuristic approach for single machine scheduling with release times. Comput. Operat. Res. 45 (2014), 7--11.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  27. Jitender S. Deogun and M. C. Kong. 1986. On periodic scheduling of time-critical tasks. IFIP Congress (1986), 791--796.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  28. Emilie Deroche, Jean-Luc Scharbarg, and Christian Fraboul. 2017. A greedy heuristic for distributing hard real-time applications on an IMA architecture. In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems. IEEE, Toulouse, France, 1--8.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  29. Jan Dvorak and Zdenek Hanzalek. 2014. Multi-variant time constrained FlexRay static segment scheduling. In Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS’14). 1--8.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  30. Martin E. Dyer and Laurence A. Wolsey. 1990. Formulating the single machine sequencing problem with release dates as a mixed integer program. Discrete Appl. Math. 26, 2--3 (1990), 255--270.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  31. F. Eisenbrand, N. Hahnle, M. Niemeier, M. Skutella, J. Verschae, and A. Wiese. 2010a. Scheduling periodic tasks in a hard real-time environment. Autom. Lang. Program. 6198 (2010), 299--311.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  32. Friedrich Eisenbrand, Karthikeyan Kesavan, Raju S. Mattikalli, Martin Niemeier, Arnold W. Nordsieck, Martin Skutella, José Verschae, and Andreas Wiese. 2010b. Solving an avionics real-time scheduling problem by advanced IP-methods. In Proceedings of the European Symposium on Algorithms. 11--22.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  33. Sebastien Faucou, A.-M. Deplanche, and J.-P. Beauvais. 2000. Heuristic techniques for allocating and scheduling communicating periodic tasks in distributed real-time systems. Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication System. 257--265.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  34. Nico Feiertag, Kai Richter, Johan Nordlander, and Jan Jonsson. 2008. A compositional framework for end-to-end path delay calculation of automotive systems under different path semantics. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Compositional Theory and Technology for Real-Time Embedded Systems (CRTS’08).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  35. Gerhard Fohler. 1995. Joint scheduling of distributed complex periodic and hard aperiodic tasks in statically scheduled systems. In Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium. IEEE, 152--161.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  36. Gerhard Fohler and Krithi Ramamritham. 1997. Static scheduling of pipelined periodic tasks in distributed real-time systems. In Proceedings of the 9th Euromicro Workshop on Real Time Systems. IEEE, 128--135.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  37. Matthias Freier and Jian-Jia Chen. 2015. Time-triggered communication scheduling analysis for real-time multicore systems. In Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES’15). IEEE, 1--9.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  38. Michael R. Garey and David S. Johnson. 1979. Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-completeness. Vol. 174. Freeman, San Francisco, 96--105.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  39. Celia A. Glass. 1994. Feasibility of scheduling lot sizes of two frequencies on one machine. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 75, 2 (1994), 354--364.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  40. M. J. Gonzalez and Jin W. Soh. 1976. Periodic job scheduling in a distributed processor system. IEEE Trans. Aerospace Electron. Syst. AES-12, 5 (1976), 530--536.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  41. Raul Gorcitz, Emilien Kofman, Thomas Carle, Dumitru Potop-Butucaru, and Robert De Simone. 2015. On the scalability of constraint solving for static/off-line real-time scheduling. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems. Springer, 108--123.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  42. Dip Goswami, Martin Lukasiewycz, Reinhard Schneider, and Samarjit Chakraborty. 2012. Time-triggered implementations of mixed-criticality automotive software. In Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe. 1227--1232.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  43. Ronald L. Graham, Eugene L. Lawler, Jan Karel Lenstra, and A. H. G. Rinnooy Kan. 1979. Optimization and approximation in deterministic sequencing and scheduling: A survey. Ann. Discrete Math. 5 (1979), 287--326.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  44. Arpan Gujarati, Felipe Cerqueira, Björn B. Brandenburg, and Geoffrey Nelissen. 2019. Correspondence article: A correction of the reduction-based schedulability analysis for APA scheduling. Real-Time Syst. 55, 1 (2019), 136--143.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  45. Claire Hanen and Zdenek Hanzalek. 2020. Periodic scheduling and packing problems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.01898.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  46. Zdenek Hanzalek and Claire Hanen. 2015. The impact of core precedences in a cyclic RCPSP with precedence delays. J. Schedul. 18, 3 (2015), 275--284.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  47. Richard Hladík, Anna Minaeva, and Zdeněk Hanzálek. 2020. On the complexity of a periodic scheduling problem with precedence relations. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference on Combinatorial Optimization and Applications (COCOA’20).Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  48. Chih-Wen Hsueh and Kwei-Jay Lin. 1996. An optimal pinwheel scheduler using the single-number reduction technique. In Proceedings of the 17th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium. IEEE, 196--205.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  49. Menglan Hu, Jun Luo, Yang Wang, and Bharadwaj Veeravalli. 2015. Scheduling periodic task graphs for safety-critical time-triggered avionic systems. IEEE Trans. Aerospace Electron. Syst. 51, 3 (2015), 2294--2304.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  50. Jia Huang, Jan Olaf Blech, Andreas Raabe, Christian Buckl, and Alois Knoll. 2012. Static scheduling of a time-triggered network-on-chip based on SMT solving. In Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE’12). IEEE, 509--514.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  51. Damir Isovic and Gerhard Fohler. 2000. Efficient scheduling of sporadic, aperiodic, and periodic tasks with complex constraints. In Proceedings of the 21st IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium. IEEE, 207--216.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  52. Damir Isovic and Gerhard Fohler. 2009. Handling mixed sets of tasks in combined offline and online scheduled real-time systems. Real-time Syst. 43, 3 (2009), 296--325.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  53. Tobias Jacobs and Salvatore Longo. 2014. A new perspective on the windows scheduling problem. Retrieved from https://arXiv:1410.7237.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  54. Kevin Jeffay, Donald F. Stanat, and Charles U. Martel. 1991. On non-preemptive scheduling of periodic and sporadic tasks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-time Systems Symposium. IEEE, 129--139.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  55. Omar Kermia. 2011. Optimizing distributed real-time embedded system handling dependence and several strict periodicity constraints. Adv. Oper. Res. 2011 (2011), 561794:1--561794:19.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  56. Omar Kermia. 2017. An efficient approach for the multiprocessor non-preemptive strictly periodic task scheduling problem. J. Syst. Architect. 79 (2017), 31--44.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  57. Omar Kermia and Yves Sorel. 2007. A rapid heuristic for scheduling non-preemptive dependent periodic tasks onto multiprocessor. In Proceedings of the ISCA 20th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing Systems (PDCS’07).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  58. Omar Kermia and Yves Sorel. 2008. Schedulability analysis for non-preemptive tasks under strict periodicity constraints. In Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications. IEEE, 25--32.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  59. Jad Khatib, Alix Munier-Kordon, Enagnon Cédric Klikpo, and Kods Trabelsi-Colibet. 2016. Computing latency of a real-time system modeled by synchronous dataflow graph. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems. ACM, 87--96.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  60. Eun-Seok Kim and Celia A. Glass. 2014. Perfect periodic scheduling for three basic cycles. J. Schedul. 17, 1 (2014), 47--65.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  61. Donald E. Knuth. 2014. Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2: Seminumerical Algorithms. Addison-Wesley Professional.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  62. Oumar Koné, Christian Artigues, Pierre Lopez, and Marcel Mongeau. 2011. Event-based MILP models for resource-constrained project scheduling problems. Comput. Oper. Res. 38, 1 (2011), 3--13.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  63. Anis Kooli and Mehdi Serairi. 2014. A mixed integer programming approach for the single machine problem with unequal release dates. Comput. Oper. Res. 51 (2014), 323--330.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  64. Hermann Kopetz. 2003. Time-triggered real-time computing. Annu. Rev. Control 27, 1 (2003), 3--13.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  65. Hermann Kopetz. 2011. Real-time Systems: Design Principles for Distributed Embedded Applications. Springer Science 8 Business Media.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  66. Jan Korst, Emile Aarts, and Jan Karel Lenstra. 1996. Scheduling periodic tasks. INFORMS J. Comput. 8, 4 (1996), 428--435.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  67. Jan Korst, Emile Aarts, and Jan Karel Lenstra. 1997. Scheduling periodic tasks with slack. INFORMS J. Comput. 9, 4 (1997), 351--362.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  68. Jan Korst, Emile Aarts, Jan Karel Lenstra, and Jaap Wessels. 1991. Periodic multiprocessor scheduling. In Parallel Architectures and Languages Europe. Springer, Berlin, 166--178.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  69. Yacine Laalaoui and Nizar Bouguila. 2014. Pre-run-time scheduling in real-time systems: Current researches and artificial intelligence perspectives. Expert Syst. Appl. 41, 5 (2014), 2196--2210.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  70. Yacine Laalaoui and Habiba Drias. 2010. ACO approach with learning for preemptive scheduling of real-time tasks. Int. J. Bio-Inspired Comput. 2, 6 (2010), 383--394.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  71. Erjola Lalo, Raphael Weber, Andreas Sailer, Juergen Mottok, and Christian Siemers. 2019. On solving task allocation and schedule generation for time-triggered LET systems using constraint programming. In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems (ARCS’19). VDE, 1--8.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  72. Jean B. Lasserre and Maurice Queyranne. 1992. Generic scheduling polyhedra and a new mixed-integer formulation for single-machine scheduling. Proceedings of the 2nd Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization Conference (IPCO’92). 136--149.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  73. Martin Lukasiewycz, Michael Glaß, Jürgen Teich, and Paul Milbredt. 2009. FlexRay schedule optimization of the static segment. In Proceedings of the 7th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Hardware/software Codesign and System Synthesis. IEEE/ACM, 363--372.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  74. Martin Lukasiewycz, Reinhard Schneider, Dip Goswami, and Samarjit Chakraborty. 2012. Modular scheduling of distributed heterogeneous time-triggered automotive systems. In Proceedings of the 17th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference. IEEE. 665--670.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  75. Rouhollah Mahfouzi, Amir Aminifar, Soheil Samii, Ahmed Rezine, Petru Eles, and Zebo Peng. 2018. Stability-aware integrated routing and scheduling for control applications in Ethernet networks. In Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE’18). IEEE, 682--687.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  76. Mohamed Marouf and Yves Sorel. 2010. Schedulability conditions for non-preemptive hard real-time tasks with strict period. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Real-Time and Network Systems (RTNS’10). 50--58.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  77. Mohamed Marouf and Yves Sorel. 2011. Scheduling non-preemptive hard real-time tasks with strict periods. In Proceedings of the IEEE 16th Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA’11). IEEE, 1--8.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  78. Shane D. McLean, Silviu S. Craciunas, Emil Alexander Juul Hansen, and Paul Pop. 2020. Mapping and scheduling automotive applications on ADAS platforms using metaheuristics. In Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA’20), Vol. 1. IEEE, 329--336.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  79. Philip Merlin and David Farber. 1976. Recoverability of communication protocols-implications of a theoretical study. IEEE Trans. Commun. 24, 9 (1976), 1036--1043.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  80. Philippe Michelon, Dominique Quadri, and Marcos Negreiros. 2008. On a class of periodic scheduling problems: Models, lower bounds and heuristics. In Proceedings of the International Multiconference on Computer Science and Information Technology. IEEE, 899--906.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  81. Anna Minaeva. 2019. Scalable Scheduling Algorithms for Embedded Systems with Real-Time Requirements. Ph.D. Dissertation. Czech Technical University in Prague.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  82. Anna Minaeva. 2020. SMT implementation of basic periodic scheduling problems using Z3 solver. Retrieved from https://github.com/minaeann/basic_periodic_scheduling_problems.git.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  83. Anna Minaeva, Benny Akesson, Zdeněk Hanzálek, and Dakshina Dasari. 2017. Time-triggered co-scheduling of computation and communication with jitter requirements. IEEE Trans. Comput. 67, 1 (2017), 115--129.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  84. Anna Minaeva, Debayan Roy, Benny Akesson, Zdenek Hanzalek, and Samarjit Chakraborty. 2020. Control performance optimization for application integration on automotive architectures. IEEE Trans. Comput. (2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  85. Anna Minaeva, Přemysl Šůcha, Benny Akesson, and Zdeněk Hanzálek. 2016. Scalable and efficient configuration of time-division multiplexed resources. J. Syst. Softw. 113 (2016), 44--58.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  86. Yannick Monnier, Jean-Pierre Beauvais, and Anne-Marie Déplanche. 1998. A genetic algorithm for scheduling tasks in a real-time distributed system. In Proceedings of the 24th Euromicro Conference. IEEE, 708--714.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  87. Aurélien Monot, Nicolas Navet, Bernard Bavoux, and Françoise Simonot-Lion. 2012. Multisource software on multicore automotive ECUs—combining runnable sequencing with task scheduling. IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 59, 10 (2012), 3934--3942.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  88. Mitra Nasri and Björn B. Brandenburg. 2017. Offline equivalence: A non-preemptive scheduling technique for resource-constrained embedded real-time systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS’17). IEEE, 75--86.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  89. Jerzy R. Nawrocki, Adam Czajka, and Wojciech Complak. 1998. Scheduling cyclic tasks with binary periods. Info. Process. Lett. 65, 4 (1998), 173--178.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  90. Roman Nossal. 1998. An evolutionary approach to multiprocessor scheduling of dependent tasks. Future Gen. Comput. Syst. 14, 5--6 (1998), 383--392.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  91. Ramon Serna Oliver, Silviu S. Craciunas, and Wilfried Steiner. 2018. IEEE 802.1 Qbv gate control list synthesis using array theory encoding. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS’18). IEEE, 13--24.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  92. Miloš Panić, Sebastian Kehr, Eduardo Quiñones, Bert Boddecker, Jaume Abella, and Francisco J. Cazorla. 2014. Runpar: An allocation algorithm for automotive applications exploiting runnable parallelism in multicores. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis. ACM, 1--10.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  93. Kyung S. Park and Doek K. Yun. 1985. Optimal scheduling of periodic activities. Oper. Res. 33, 3 (1985), 690--695.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  94. Shailesh Patil and Vijay K. Garg. 2006. Adaptive general perfectly periodic scheduling. Info. Process. Lett. 98, 3 (2006), 107--114.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  95. D.-T. Peng and Kang G. Shin. 1989. Static allocation of periodic tasks with precedence constraints in distributed real-time systems. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. IEEE, 190--198.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  96. D.-T. Peng and Kang G. Shin. 1993. Optimal scheduling of cooperative tasks in a distributed system using an enumerative method. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 19, 3 (1993), 253--267.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  97. Clément Pira and Christian Artigues. 2016. Line search method for solving a non-preemptive strictly periodic scheduling problem. J. Schedul. 19, 3 (2016), 227--243.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  98. Paul Pop, Kåre Harbo Poulsen, Viacheslav Izosimov, and Petru Eles. 2007. Scheduling and voltage scaling for energy/reliability trade-offs in fault-tolerant time-triggered embedded systems. In Proceedings of the 5th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Hardware/software Codesign and System Synthesis. 233--238.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  99. Wolfgang Puffitsch, Eric Noulard, and Claire Pagetti. 2015. Off-line mapping of multi-rate dependent task sets to many-core platforms. Real-Time Syst. 51, 5 (2015), 526--565.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  100. Diogo Quintas and Vasilis Friderikos. 2012. Energy efficient spatial TDMA scheduling in wireless networks. Comput. Oper. Res. 39, 9 (2012), 2091--2099.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  101. Krithi Ramamritham. 1990. Allocation and scheduling of complex periodic tasks. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. IEEE, 108--115.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  102. K. Ramamritham. 1995. Allocation and scheduling of precedence-related periodic tasks. IEEE Trans. Parall. Distrib. Syst. 6, 4 (Apr. 1995), 412--420.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  103. Jin Woo Ro, Partha Roop, and Avinash Malik. 2015. Schedule synthesis for time-triggered multi-hop wireless networks with retransmissions. In Proceedings of the IEEE 18th International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing. IEEE, 94--101.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  104. Stefan Ronngren and Behrooz A. Shirazi. 1995. Static multiprocessor scheduling of periodic real-time tasks with precedence constraints and communication costs. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Vol. 2. IEEE, 143--152.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  105. Debayan Roy, Licong Zhang, Wanli Chang, Dip Goswami, and Samarjit Chakraborty. 2016. Multi-objective co-optimization of FlexRay-based distributed control systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS’16). IEEE, 1--12.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  106. Florian Sagstetter, Peter Waszecki, Sebastian Steinhorst, Martin Lukasiewycz, and Samarjit Chakraborty. 2015. Multischedule synthesis for variant management in automotive time-triggered systems. IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aid. Design Integr. Circ. Syst. 35, 4 (2015), 637--650.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  107. Thijs Schenkelaars, Bart Vermeulen, and Kees Goossens. 2011. Optimal scheduling of switched FlexRay networks. In Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE’11). 1--6.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  108. Klaus Schild and Jörg Würtz. 2000. Scheduling of time-triggered real-time systems. Constraints 5, 4 (2000), 335--357.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  109. Eike Schweissguth, Peter Danielis, Dirk Timmermann, Helge Parzyjegla, and Gero Mühl. 2017. ILP-based joint routing and scheduling for time-triggered networks. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems. 8--17.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  110. W. Steiner. 2010. An evaluation of SMT-based schedule synthesis for time-triggered multi-hop networks. In Proceedings of the 31st IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’10). 375--384.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  111. Premysl Sucha and Zdenek Hanzalek. 2008. Deadline constrained cyclic scheduling on pipelined dedicated processors considering multiprocessor tasks and changeover times. Math. Comput. Model. 47, 9 (2008), 925--942.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  112. Ali Syed and Gerhard Fohler. 2019. Efficient offline scheduling of task-sets with complex constraints on large distributed time-triggered systems. Real-Time Syst. 55, 2 (2019), 209--247.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  113. Domitian Tamas-Selicean, Paul Pop, and Wilfried Steiner. 2012. Synthesis of communication schedules for TTEthernet-based mixed-criticality systems. In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on Hardware/software Codesign and System Synthesis. ACM, 473--482.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  114. Eduardo Tavares, Raimundo Barreto, Meuse Oliveira Junior, Paulo Maciel, Marilia Neves, and Ricardo Lima. 2004. An approach for pre-runtime scheduling in embedded hard real-time systems with power constraints. In Proceedings of the16th Symposium on Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing. IEEE, 188--195.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  115. Robert Tijdeman. 1980. The chairman assignment problem. Discrete Math. 32, 3 (1980), 323--330.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  116. Peter J. M. Van Laarhoven and Emile H. L. Aarts. 1987. Simulated Annealing: Theory and Applications. Springer.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  117. Marek Vlk, Zdeněk Hanzálek, Kateřina Brejchová, Siyu Tang, Sushmit Bhattacharjee, and Songwei Fu. 2020. Enhancing schedulability and throughput of time-triggered traffic in IEEE 802.1 Qbv time-sensitive networks. IEEE Trans. Commun. (2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  118. W. D. Wei and C. L. Liu. 1983. On a periodic maintenance problem. Oper. Res. Lett. 2, 2 (1983), 90--93.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  119. Jia Xu. 1993. Multiprocessor scheduling of processes with release times, deadlines, precedence, and exclusion relations. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 19, 2 (1993), 139--154.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  120. Jia Xu and David Lorge Parnas. 1990. Scheduling processes with release times, deadlines, precedence and exclusion relations. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 16, 3 (1990), 360--369.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  121. Jia Xu and David Lorge Parnas. 1991. On satisfying timing constraints in hard-real-time systems. ACM SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes 16, 5 (1991), 132--146.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  122. Patrick Meumeu Yomsi and Yves Sorel. 2008. Schedulability Analysis for Non Necessarily Harmonic Real-time Systems with Precedence and Strict Periodicity Constraints Using the Exact Number of Preemptions and No Idle Time. Ph.D. Dissertation. INRIA.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  123. Sophia Anatolievna Zelenova and Sergey Vadimovich Zelenov. 2017. Non-conflict scheduling criterion for strict periodic tasks. Proc. Inst. Syst. Program. RAS 29, 6 (2017), 183--202 (in Russian).Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  124. Sophia A. Zelenova and Sergey V. Zelenov. 2018. Schedulability analysis for strictly periodic tasks in RTOS. Program. Comput. Softw. 44, 3 (2018), 159--169.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  125. Licong Zhang, Debkalpa Goswami, Reinhard Schneider, and Shiladri Chakraborty. 2014. Task- and network-level schedule co-synthesis of Ethernet-based time-triggered systems. In Proceedings of the 19th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC’14). IEEE, 119--124.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  126. Tianyu Zhang, Nan Guan, Qingxu Deng, and Wang Yi. 2016. Start time configuration for strictly periodic real-time task systems. J. Syst. Architect. 66 (2016), 61--68.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. Survey on Periodic Scheduling for Time-triggered Hard Real-time Systems

        Recommendations

        Comments

        Login options

        Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

        Sign in

        Full Access

        • Published in

          cover image ACM Computing Surveys
          ACM Computing Surveys  Volume 54, Issue 1
          January 2022
          844 pages
          ISSN:0360-0300
          EISSN:1557-7341
          DOI:10.1145/3446641
          Issue’s Table of Contents

          Copyright © 2021 ACM

          Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

          Publisher

          Association for Computing Machinery

          New York, NY, United States

          Publication History

          • Published: 5 March 2021
          • Revised: 1 October 2020
          • Accepted: 1 October 2020
          • Received: 1 December 2019
          Published in csur Volume 54, Issue 1

          Permissions

          Request permissions about this article.

          Request Permissions

          Check for updates

          Qualifiers

          • research-article
          • Research
          • Refereed

        PDF Format

        View or Download as a PDF file.

        PDF

        eReader

        View online with eReader.

        eReader

        HTML Format

        View this article in HTML Format .

        View HTML Format