Abstract
In spite of the great potential of on-body vibrotactile displays for a variety of applications, research lacks an understanding of the spacing between vibrotactile actuators. Through two experiments, we systematically investigate vibrotactile perception on the wrist, forearm, upper arm, back, torso, thigh, and leg, each in transverse and longitudinal body orientation. In the first experiment, we address the maximum distance between vibration motors that still preserves the ability to generate phantom sensations. In the second experiment, we investigate the perceptual accuracy of localizing vibrations in order to establish the minimum distance between vibration motors. Based on the results, we derive VibroMap, a spatial map of the functional range of inter-motor distances across the body. VibroMap supports hardware and interaction designers with design guidelines for constructing body-worn vibrotactile displays.
Supplemental Material
Available for Download
Supplemental movie, appendix, image and software files for, VibroMap: Understanding the Spacing of Vibrotactile Actuators across the Body
- M. Aggravi, G. Salvietti, and D. Prattichizzo. 2016. Haptic wrist guidance using vibrations for Human-Robot teams. In 2016 25th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). 113--118. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2016.7745098Google Scholar
- D. S. Alles. 1970. Information Transmission by Phantom Sensations. IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems 11, 1 (March 1970), 85--91. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMMS.1970.299967Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jessalyn Alvina, Shengdong Zhao, Simon T. Perrault, Maryam Azh, Thijs Roumen, and Morten Fjeld. 2015. OmniVib: Towards Cross-body Spatiotemporal Vibrotactile Notifications for Mobile Phones. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2487--2496. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702341Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Bark, E. Hyman, F. Tan, E. Cha, S. A. Jax, L. J. Buxbaum, and K. J. Kuchenbecker. 2015. Effects of Vibrotactile Feedback on Human Learning of Arm Motions. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 23, 1 (Jan 2015), 51--63. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2014.2327229Google ScholarCross Ref
- Dominik Bial, Dagmar Kern, Florian Alt, and Albrecht Schmidt. 2011. Enhancing Outdoor Navigation Systems Through Vibrotactile Feedback. In CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (CHI EA '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1273--1278. https://doi.org/10.1145/1979742.1979760Google Scholar
- Stephen Brewster and Lorna M. Brown. 2004. Tactons: Structured Tactile Messages for Non-Visual Information Display. In Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Australasian User Interface - Volume 28 (Dunedin, New Zealand) (AUIC '04). Australian Computer Society, Inc., AUS, 15--23.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jessica R. Cauchard, Janette L. Cheng, Thomas Pietrzak, and James A. Landay. 2016. ActiVibe: Design and Evaluation of Vibrations for Progress Monitoring. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 3261--3271. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858046Google Scholar
- J. Cha, L. Rahal, and A. El Saddik. 2008. A pilot study on simulating continuous sensation with two vibrating motors. In 2008 IEEE International Workshop on Haptic Audio visual Environments and Games. 143--147. https://doi.org/10.1109/HAVE.2008.4685314Google ScholarCross Ref
- Qin Chen, Simon T. Perrault, Quentin Roy, and Lonce Wyse. 2018. Effect of Temporality, Physical Activity and Cognitive Load on Spatiotemporal Vibrotactile Pattern Recognition. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (Castiglione della Pescaia, Grosseto, Italy) (AVI '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 25, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3206505.3206511Google ScholarDigital Library
- Roger Cholewiak. 1999. The perception of tactile distance: Influences of body site, space, and time. Perception 28 (02 1999), 851--75. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2023365Google Scholar
- Roger Cholewiak, J Christopher Brill, and Anja Schwab. 2004. Vibrotactile localization on the abdomen: Effects of place and space. Perception & psychophysics 66 (09 2004), 970--87. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194989Google Scholar
- Roger W. Cholewiak and Amy A. Collins. 2003. Vibrotactile localization on the arm: Effects of place, space, and age. Perception & Psychophysics 65, 7 (01 Oct 2003), 1058--1077. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194834Google Scholar
- David Dobbelstein, Philipp Henzler, and Enrico Rukzio. 2016. Unconstrained Pedestrian Navigation Based on Vibro-tactile Feedback Around the Wristband of a Smartwatch. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI EA '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2439--2445. https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2892292Google ScholarDigital Library
- Don Samitha Elvitigala, Denys J. C. Matthies, Vipula Dissanayaka, Chamod Weerasinghe, and Suranga Nanayakkara. 2019. 2bit-TactileHand: Evaluating Tactons for On-Body Vibrotactile Displays on the Hand and Wrist. In Proceedings of the 10th Augmented Human International Conference 2019 (Reims, France) (AH2019). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 3, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3311823.3311832Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jan B. F. Van Erp, Hendrik A. H. C. Van Veen, Chris Jansen, and Trevor Dobbins. 2005. Waypoint Navigation with a Vibrotactile Waist Belt. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 2, 2 (April 2005), 106--117. https://doi.org/10.1145/1060581.1060585Google Scholar
- S. Ertan, C. Lee, A. Willets, H. Tan, and A. Pentland. 1998. A wearable haptic navigation guidance system. In Digest of Papers. Second International Symposium on Wearable Computers (Cat. No.98EX215). 164--165. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISWC.1998.729547Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gi-Hun Yang, Moon-sub Jin, Yeonsub Jin, and Sungchul Kang. 2010. T-mobile: Vibrotactile display pad with spatial and directional information for hand-held device. In 2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. 5245--5250. https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2010.5651759Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sebastian Günther, Sven Kratz, Daniel Avrahami, and Max Mühlhäuser. 2018. Exploring Audio, Visual, and Tactile Cues for Synchronous Remote Assistance. In Proceedings of the 11th PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments Conference (Corfu, Greece) (PETRA '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 339--344. https://doi.org/10.1145/3197768.3201568Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sebastian Günther, Florian Müller, Markus Funk, Jan Kirchner, Niloofar Dezfuli, and Max Mühlhäuser. 2018. TactileGlove: Assistive Spatial Guidance in 3D Space Through Vibrotactile Navigation. In Proceedings of the 11th PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments Conference (Corfu, Greece) (PETRA '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 273--280. https://doi.org/10.1145/3197768.3197785Google ScholarDigital Library
- Aakar Gupta, Antony Irudayaraj, Vimal Chandran, Goutham Palaniappan, Khai N. Truong, and Ravin Balakrishnan. 2016. Haptic Learning of Semaphoric Finger Gestures. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Tokyo, Japan) (UIST'16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 219--226. https://doi.org/10.1145/2984511.2984558Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chris Harrison, Shilpa Ramamurthy, and Scott E. Hudson. 2012. On-body Interaction: Armed and Dangerous. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction (Kingston, Ontario, Canada) (TEI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 69--76. https://doi.org/10.1145/2148131.2148148Google Scholar
- Cristy Ho, Hong Z. Tan, and Charles Spence. 2005. Using spatial vibrotactile cues to direct visual attention in driving scenes. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 8, 6 (2005), 397 - 412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2005.05.002Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ali Israr and Ivan Poupyrev. 2011. Tactile Brush: Drawing on Skin with a Tactile Grid Display. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (CHI '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2019--2028. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979235Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lynette Jones. 2011. Tactile communication systems: optimizing the display of information. Progress in brain research 192 (12 2011), 113--28. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53355-5.00008-7Google ScholarCross Ref
- Idin Karuei, Karon E. MacLean, Zoltan Foley-Fisher, Russell MacKenzie, Sebastian Koch, and Mohamed El-Zohairy. 2011. Detecting Vibrations Across the Body in Mobile Contexts. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (CHI '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 3267--3276. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979426Google ScholarDigital Library
- Paul AJ Kolarsick, Maria Ann Kolarsick, and Carolyn Goodwin. 2011. Anatomy and physiology of the skin. Journal of the Dermatology Nurses' Association 3, 4 (2011), 203--213.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Yukari Konishi, Nobuhisa Hanamitsu, Kouta Minamizawa, Ayahiko Sato, and Tetsuya Mizuguchi. 2016. Synesthesia Suit: The Full Body Immersive Experience. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2016 Posters (Anaheim, California) (SIGGRAPH'16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 71, 1 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2945078.2945149Google Scholar
- Matti Krüger, Heiko Wersing, and Christiane B. Wiebel-Herboth. 2018. Approach for Enhancing the Perception and Prediction of Traffic Dynamics with a Tactile Interface. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (Toronto, ON, Canada) (AutomotiveUI '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 164--169. https://doi.org/10.1145/3239092.3265961Google Scholar
- S. J. Lederman and L. A. Jones. 2011. Tactile and Haptic Illusions. IEEE Transactions on Haptics 4, 4 (2011), 273--294.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jaeyeon Lee, Jaehyun Han, and Geehyuk Lee. 2015. Investigating the Information Transfer Efficiency of a 3x3 Watch-back Tactile Display. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1229--1232. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702530Google ScholarDigital Library
- Seungyon "Claire" Lee and Thad Starner. 2010. BuzzWear: Alert Perception in Wearable Tactile Displays on the Wrist. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Atlanta, Georgia, USA) (CHI '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 433--442. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753392Google ScholarDigital Library
- Marjorie R. Leek. 2001. Adaptive procedures in psychophysical research. Perception & Psychophysics 63, 8 (01 Nov 2001), 1279--1292. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194543Google Scholar
- Ville Lehtinen, Antti Oulasvirta, Antti Salovaara, and Petteri Nurmi. 2012. Dynamic Tactile Guidance for Visual Search Tasks. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) (UIST'12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 445--452. https://doi.org/10.1145/2380116.2380173Google ScholarDigital Library
- Joanne Leong, Patrick Parzer, Florian Perteneder, Teo Babic, Christian Rendl, Anita Vogl, Hubert Egger, Alex Olwal, and Michael Haller. 2016. proCover: Sensory Augmentation of Prosthetic Limbs Using Smart Textile Covers. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Tokyo, Japan) (UIST'16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 335--346. https://doi.org/10.1145/2984511.2984572Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yi-Chi Liao, Yi-Ling Chen, Jo-Yu Lo, Rong-Hao Liang, Liwei Chan, and Bing-Yu Chen. 2016. EdgeVib: Effective Alphanumeric Character Output Using a Wrist-Worn Tactile Display. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Tokyo, Japan) (UIST'16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 595--601. https://doi.org/10.1145/2984511.2984522Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pedro Lopes, Alexandra Ion, Willi Müller, Daniel Hoffmann, Patrik Jonell, and Patrick Baudisch. 2015. Proprioceptive Interaction. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI EA '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 175--175. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702613.2732490Google Scholar
- Granit Luzhnica, Sebastian Stein, Eduardo Veas, Viktoria Pammer, John Williamson, and Roderick Murray Smith. 2017. Personalising Vibrotactile Displays Through Perceptual Sensitivity Adjustment. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers (Maui, Hawaii) (ISWC '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 66--73. https://doi.org/10.1145/3123021.3123029Google ScholarDigital Library
- Granit Luzhnica and Eduardo Veas. 2019. Optimising Encoding for Vibrotactile Skin Reading. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI '19). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 235, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300465Google ScholarDigital Library
- Flavia Mancini, Armando Bauleo, Jonathan Cole, Fausta Lui, Carlo Porro, Patrick Haggard, and Gian Iannetti. 2014. Whole-Body Mapping of Spatial Acuity for Pain and Touch. Annals of Neurology 75 (06 2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24179Google Scholar
- Anita Meier, Denys J. C. Matthies, Bodo Urban, and Reto Wettach. 2015. Exploring Vibrotactile Feedback on the Body and Foot for the Purpose of Pedestrian Navigation. In Proceedings of the 2Nd International Workshop on Sensor-based Activity Recognition and Interaction (Rostock, Germany) (iWOAR '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 11, 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2790044.2790051Google ScholarDigital Library
- Scott Novich and David Eagleman. 2015. Using space and time to encode vibrotactile information: toward an estimate of the skin's achievable throughput. Experimental brain research 233 (06 2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4346-1Google Scholar
- Gunhyuk Park and Seungmoon Choi. 2018. Tactile Information Transmission by 2D Stationary Phantom Sensations. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 258, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173832Google ScholarDigital Library
- Young-Woo Park, Chang-Young Lim, and Tek-Jin Nam. 2010. CheekTouch: An Affective Interaction Technique While Speaking on the Mobile Phone. In CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Atlanta, Georgia, USA) (CHI EA '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 3241--3246. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753846.1753965Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. M. Petermeijer, J. C. F. de Winter, and K. J. Bengler. 2016. Vibrotactile Displays: A Survey With a View on Highly Automated Driving. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 17, 4 (April 2016), 897--907. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2015.2494873Google ScholarDigital Library
- Max Pfeiffer, Stefan Schneegass, Florian Alt, and Michael Rohs. 2014. Let Me Grab This: A Comparison of EMS and Vibration for Haptic Feedback in Free-hand Interaction. In Proceedings of the 5th Augmented Human International Conference (Kobe, Japan) (AH '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 48, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2582051.2582099Google ScholarDigital Library
- Charlotte Reed, Hong Tan, Zach Perez, E Wilson, Frederico Severgnini, Jaehong Jung, Juan Martinze, Yang Jiao, Ali Israr, Frances Lau, Keith Klumb, Robert Turcott, and Freddy Abnousi. 2018. A Phonemic-Based Tactile Display for Speech Communication. IEEE transactions on haptics PP (07 2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/TOH.2018.2861010Google Scholar
- Anke Verena Reinschluessel, Sarah Christin Cebulla, Marc Herrlich, Tanja Döring, and Rainer Malaka. 2018. Vibro-Band: Supporting Needle Placement for Physicians with Vibrations. In Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI EA'18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article LBW039, 6 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3170427.3188549Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Ryu, G. Yang, and S. Kang. 2009. T-hive: Vibrotactile interface presenting spatial information on handle surface. In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. 683--688. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.2009.5152740Google ScholarCross Ref
- Oliver S. Schneider, Ali Israr, and Karon E. MacLean. 2015. Tactile Animation by Direct Manipulation of Grid Displays. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software & Technology (Charlotte, NC, USA) (UIST'15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 21--30. https://doi.org/10.1145/2807442.2807470Google Scholar
- Christian Schönauer, Kenichiro Fukushi, Alex Olwal, Hannes Kaufmann, and Ramesh Raskar. 2012. Multimodal Motion Guidance: Techniques for Adaptive and Dynamic Feedback. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction (Santa Monica, California, USA) (ICMI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 133--140. https://doi.org/10.1145/2388676.2388706Google ScholarDigital Library
- Christian Schönauer, Kenichiro Fukushi, Alex Olwal, Hannes Kaufmann, and Ramesh Raskar. 2012. Multimodal Motion Guidance: Techniques for Adaptive and Dynamic Feedback. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction (Santa Monica, California, USA) (ICMI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 133--140. https://doi.org/10.1145/2388676.2388706Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. R. Searle, F. M. Speed, and G. A. Milliken. 1980. Population Marginal Means in the Linear Model: An Alternative to Least Squares Means. The American Statistician 34, 4 (1980), 216--221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1980.10483031 arXiv:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00031305.1980.10483031Google ScholarCross Ref
- Caitlyn E. Seim, David Quigley, and Thad E. Starner. 2014. Passive Haptic Learning of Typing Skills Facilitated by Wearable Computers. In CHI '14 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) (CHI EA '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2203--2208. https://doi.org/10.1145/2559206.2581329Google Scholar
- Kannathu Shibin and Asir Samuel. 2013. The Discrimination of Two-point Touch Sense for the Upper Extremity in Indian Adults. International Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences 2 (01 2013), 38--43.Google Scholar
- Daniel Spelmezan. 2012. An Investigation into the Use of Tactile Instructions in Snowboarding. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Human-computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (San Francisco, California, USA) (MobileHCI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 417--426. https://doi.org/10.1145/2371574.2371639Google ScholarDigital Library
- Daniel Spelmezan, Mareike Jacobs, Anke Hilgers, and Jan Borchers. 2009. Tactile Motion Instructions for Physical Activities. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Boston, MA, USA) (CHI '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2243--2252. https://doi.org/10.1145/1518701.1519044Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mayuree Srikulwong and Eamonn O'Neill. 2011. A Comparative Study of Tactile Representation Techniques for Landmarks on a Wearable Device. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (CHI '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2029--2038. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979236Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tim Claudius Stratmann, Andreas Löcken, Uwe Gruenefeld, Wilko Heuten, and Susanne Boll. 2018. Exploring Vibrotactile and Peripheral Cues for Spatial Attention Guidance. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays (Munich, Germany) (PerDis '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 9, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3205873.3205874Google ScholarDigital Library
- Diane Tam, Karon E. MacLean, Joanna McGrenere, and Katherine J. Kuchenbecker. 2013. The Design and Field Observation of a Haptic Notification System for Timing Awareness During Oral Presentations. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Paris, France) (CHI '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1689--1698. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2466223Google Scholar
- Hong Tan, Rob Gray, and J. Young. 2003. A Haptic Back Display for Attentional and Directional Cueing. Haptics-e 3 (07 2003).Google Scholar
- P. Vyas, F. Al Taha, J. R. Blum, A. Weill-Duflos, and J. R. Cooperstock. 2020. Ten Little Fingers, Ten Little Toes: Can Toes Match Fingers for Haptic Discrimination? IEEE Transactions on Haptics 13, 1 (2020), 130--136.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ernst Heinrich Weber and Helen Elizabeth Ross. 1978. The sense of touch. Academic Press for [the] Experimental Psychology Society.Google Scholar
- Martin Weigel, Tong Lu, Gilles Bailly, Antti Oulasvirta, Carmel Majidi, and Jürgen Steimle. 2015. iSkin: Flexible, Stretchable and Visually Customizable On-Body Touch Sensors for Mobile Computing. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2991--3000. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702391Google ScholarDigital Library
- Martin Weigel, Vikram Mehta, and Jürgen Steimle. 2014. More Than Touch: Understanding How People Use Skin As an Input Surface for Mobile Computing. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) (CHI '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 179--188. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557239Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Weinstein. 1968. Intensive and extensive aspects of tactile sensitivity as a function of body part, sex, and laterality. The skin senses. Proceedings of the First International Symposium March, (1968), 195--222.Google Scholar
- Jacob O. Wobbrock, Leah Findlater, Darren Gergle, and James J. Higgins. 2011. The Aligned Rank Transform for Nonparametric Factorial Analyses Using Only Anova Procedures. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (CHI '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 143--146. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1978963Google ScholarDigital Library
- E. Y. Wong, A. Israr, and M. K. O'Malley. 2010. Discrimination of consonant articulation location by tactile stimulation of the forearm. In 2010 IEEE Haptics Symposium. 47--54. https://doi.org/10.1109/HAPTIC.2010.5444681Google ScholarDigital Library
- Koji Yatani, Nikola Banovic, and Khai Truong. 2012. SpaceSense: Representing Geographical Information to Visually Impaired People Using Spatial Tactile Feedback. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Austin, Texas, USA) (CHI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 415--424. https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2207734Google ScholarDigital Library
- Clint Zeagler. 2017. Where to Wear It: Functional, Technical, and Social Considerations in On-body Location for Wearable Technology 20 Years of Designing for Wearability. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers (Maui, Hawaii) (ISWC '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 150--157. https://doi.org/10.1145/3123021.3123042Google ScholarDigital Library
- Siyan Zhao, Ali Israr, Frances Lau, and Freddy Abnousi. 2018. Coding Tactile Symbols for Phonemic Communication. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 392, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173966Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- VibroMap: Understanding the Spacing of Vibrotactile Actuators across the Body
Recommendations
Tactile Information Transmission by 2D Stationary Phantom Sensations
CHI '18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsA phantom sensation refers to an illusory tactile sensation perceived midway between multiple distant stimulations on the skin. Phantom sensations have been used intensively in tactile interfaces owing to their simplicity and effectiveness. Despite that,...
Funneling and saltation effects for tactile interaction with virtual objects
CHI '12: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsFunneling and saltation are two major illusory feedback techniques for vibration-based tactile feedback. They are often put into practice e.g. to reduce the number of vibrators to be worn on the body and thereby build a less cumbersome feedback device. ...
Extending "out of the body" tactile phantom sensations to 2D and applying it to mobile interaction
Funneling and saltation are the two major perceptual illusion techniques for vibro-tactile feedback. They can be used to minimize the number of vibrators on the interaction device in contact with the user body and thereby build a less cumbersome and ...
Comments