Fixation: A universal framework for experimental eye movement research✱
Article No.: 18, Pages 1 - 5
Abstract
We propose a free and open-source framework for experimental eye movement research, whereby a researcher can record and visualize gaze data and export it for analysis using an offline web application without proprietary components or licensing restrictions. The framework is agnostic to the source of the raw gaze stream and can be used with any eye tracking platform by mapping data to a standard json-based format and streaming it in real time. We leverage web technologies to address data privacy concerns and demonstrate support for recording at 300 Hz and real-time visualization.
References
[1]
Michael Argyle and Mark Cook. 1976. Gaze and Mutual Gaze. (1976).
[2]
Ralf Biedert, Andreas Dengel, Mostafa Elshamy, and Georg Buscher. 2012. Towards Robust Gaze-Based Objective Quality Measures for Text. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (Santa Barbara, CA, March 28–30, 2012) (ETRA ‘12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 201–204. https://doi.org/10.1145/2168556.2168593
[3]
Tanja Blascheck, Kuno Kurzhals, Michael Raschke, Michael Burch, Daniel Weiskopf, and Thomas Ertl. 2017. Visualization of Eye Tracking Data: A Taxonomy and Survey. Computer Graphics Forum 36, 8 (Dec. 2017), 260–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13079
[4]
Edwin S. Dalmaijer, Sebastiaan Mathôt, and Stefan Van der Stigchel. 2014. PyGaze: An open-source, cross-platform toolbox for minimal-effort programming of eyetracking experiments. Behavior Research Methods 46, 4 (2014), 913–921. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0422-2
[5]
Merle E. Day. 1964. An Eye Movement Phenomenon Relating to Attention, Thought and Anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills 19, 2 (Oct. 1964), 443–446. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1964.19.2.443
[6]
Andrew T. Duchowski. 2017. Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice. Springer, Cham, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57883-5
[7]
Andrew T. Duchowski, Margaux M. Price, Miriah Meyer, and Pilar Orero. 2012. Aggregate Gaze Visualization with Real-Time Heatmaps. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (Santa Barbara, CA, March 28-30, 2012) (ETRA ‘12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1145/2168556.2168558
[8]
Sukru Eraslan, Yeliz Yesilada, and Simon Harper. 2016. Eye Tracking Scanpath Analysis Techniques on Web Pages: A Survey, Evaluation and Comparison. Journal of Eye Movement Research 9, 1 (Feb. 2016). https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.1.2
[9]
Albert F. Fuchs. 1971. The Saccadic System. In The Control of Eye Movements, Paul Bach-y Rita, Carter C. Collins, and Jane E. Hyde(Eds.). Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 343–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-071050-8.50017-3
[10]
Laurent Itti and Pierre Baldi. 2009. Bayesian surprise attracts human attention. Vision Research 49, 10 (June 2009), 1295–1306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2008.09.007
[11]
Moritz Kassner, William Patera, and Andreas Bulling. 2014. Pupil: An Open Source Platform for Pervasive Eye Tracking and Mobile Gaze-based Interaction. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (Seattle, WA, September 13–17, 2014) (UbiComp ‘14 Adjunct). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1145/2638728.2641695
[12]
Kyle Krafka, Aditya Khosla, Petr Kellnhofer, Harini Kannan, Suchendra Bhandarkar, Wojciech Matusik, and Antonio Torralba. 2016. Eye Tracking for Everyone. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Las Vegas, NV, June 26–30, 2020) (CVPR ‘16). IEEE Computer Society, Las Alamitos, CA, USA, 2176–2184. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2016.239
[13]
Thomas C. Kubler. 2020. The Perception Engineer’s Toolkit for Eye-Tracking data analysis. In ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (Stuttgart, Germany, June 2–5, 2020) (ETRA ‘20 Short Papers). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 15, 4 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3379156.3391366
[14]
Daniel J. Liebling and Sören Preibusch. 2014. Privacy Considerations for a Pervasive Eye Tracking World. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing(Seattle, WA, September 13–17, 2014) (UbiComp ‘14 Adjunct). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1169–1177. https://doi.org/10.1145/2638728.2641688
[15]
David L. Mills. 1991. Internet Time Synchronization: The Network Time Protocol. IEEE Transactions on Communications 39, 10 (1991), 1482–1493. https://doi.org/10.1109/26.103043
[16]
Philipp Müller, Ekta Sood, and Andreas Bulling. 2020. Anticipating Averted Gaze in Dyadic Interactions. In ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (Stuttgart, Germany, June 2–5, 2020) (ETRA ‘20 Full Papers). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 7, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3379155.3391332
[17]
Jakob Nielsen and Kara Pernice. 2010. Eyetracking Web Usability. New Riders, Berkeley, CA, USA.
[18]
Alexandra Papoutsaki, Patsorn Sangkloy, James Laskey, Nediyana Daskalova, Jeff Huang, and James Hays. 2016. WebGazer: Scalable Webcam Eye Tracking Using User Interactions. In Proceedings of the 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (New York, NY, July 9–15, 2016) (IJCAI ‘16). AAAI, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 3839–3845.
[19]
Dario D. Salvucci and Joseph H. Goldberg. 2000. Identifying Fixations and Saccades in Eye-Tracking Protocols. In Proceedings of the 2000 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (Palm Beach Gardens, FL, November 6–8, 2000) (ETRA ‘00). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1145/355017.355028
[20]
Nachiappan Valliappan, Na Dai, Ethan Steinberg, Junfeng He, Kantwon Rogers, Venky Ramachandran, Pingmei Xu, Mina Shojaeizadeh, Li Guo, Kai Kohlhoff, 2020. Accelerating Eye Movement Research via Accurate and Affordable Smartphone Eye Tracking. Nature Communications 11, 1, Article 4553 (Sept. 2020), 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18360-5
[21]
Adrian Voßkühler, Volkhard Nordmeier, Lars Kuchinke, and Arthur M. Jacobs. 2008. OGAMA (Open Gaze and Mouse Analyzer): open-source software designed to analyze eye and mouse movements in slideshow study designs. Behavior Research Methods 40, 4 (2008), 1150–1162. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.4.1150
[22]
Alfred L. Yarbus. 1967. Eye Movements and Vision. Springer, New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5379-7
[23]
James Young Deer. 1910. White Fawn’s Devotion. Retrieved March 31, 2021 from https://www.filmpreservation.org/preserved-films/screening-room/t1-white-fawn-s-devotion-1910
[24]
Xucong Zhang, Yusuke Sugano, and Andreas Bulling. 2019. Evaluation of Appearance-Based Methods and Implications for Gaze-Based Applications. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, UK, May 4–9, 2020) (CHI ‘19). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 416, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300646
Index Terms
- Fixation: A universal framework for experimental eye movement research✱
Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.
Recommendations
Compensating for eye tracker camera movement
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsAn algorithm was developed to improve prediction of eye position from video-based eye tracker data. Eye trackers that determine eye position relying on images of pupil and corneal reflection positions typically make poor differentiation between changes ...
User Eye Fatigue Detection via Eye Movement Behavior
CHI EA '15: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing SystemsIn this study we propose and evaluate a novel approach that allows detection of physical eye fatigue. The proposed approach is based on the analysis of the recorded eye movements via what is called behavioral scores. These easy-to-compute scores can be ...
Eye&Head: Synergetic Eye and Head Movement for Gaze Pointing and Selection
UIST '19: Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and TechnologyEye gaze involves the coordination of eye and head movement to acquire gaze targets, but existing approaches to gaze pointing are based on eye-tracking in abstraction from head motion. We propose to leverage the synergetic movement of eye and head, and ...
Comments
Information & Contributors
Information
Published In
May 2021
232 pages
ISBN:9781450383455
DOI:10.1145/3448018
Copyright © 2021 ACM.
Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM acknowledges that this contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor or affiliate of the United States government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only.
Sponsors
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery
New York, NY, United States
Publication History
Published: 25 May 2021
Check for updates
Author Tags
Qualifiers
- Short-paper
- Research
- Refereed limited
Funding Sources
Conference
ETRA '21
Sponsor:
ETRA '21: 2021 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
May 25 - 27, 2021
Virtual Event, Germany
Acceptance Rates
Overall Acceptance Rate 69 of 137 submissions, 50%
Upcoming Conference
Contributors
Other Metrics
Bibliometrics & Citations
Bibliometrics
Article Metrics
- 0Total Citations
- 431Total Downloads
- Downloads (Last 12 months)170
- Downloads (Last 6 weeks)23
Reflects downloads up to 08 Mar 2025
Other Metrics
Citations
View Options
View options
View or Download as a PDF file.
PDFeReader
View online with eReader.
eReaderHTML Format
View this article in HTML Format.
HTML FormatLogin options
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Sign in