ABSTRACT
Reasonable charging prices are demanding to prompt the outspread use of electric vehicles and their charging infrastructure. This paper presents a system dynamics conceptual model for developing a charge pricing model that can contribute to PT PLN Persero's profitable market. This research explores the electric vehicle charging problem in Indonesia, followed by an actor analysis, and then identifies variables and their interconnections through literature reviews, both in technical and non-technical aspects. We develop a conceptual model based on causal loop diagrams to illustrate the variable structure that highlights possible interventions that can assure charge operators can gain reasonable profit within government limitations. This paper's results can be used to develop business strategies for charging infrastructure in Indonesia.
- Ma, Y., Ke, R.-Y., Han, R., Tang, B.-J., 2017. The analysis of the battery electric vehicle's potentiality of environmental effect: a case study of Beijing from 2016 to 2020. J. Clean. Prod. 145, 395-406.Google ScholarCross Ref
- IEA (2020), Global EV Outlook 2020, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020Google Scholar
- Finance, B.N.E., Electric Vehicle Outlook 2019 (2019).Google Scholar
- Kochhan, R., Fuchs, S., Reuter, B., Burda, P., Matz, S. and Lienkamp, M. (2014) An overview of costs for vehicle components, fuels and greenhouse gas emissions. Published on www. researchgate.net in Feb 2014Google Scholar
- Sang, Yew-Ngin, and Hussain Ali Bekhet. "Modelling electric vehicle usage intentions: an empirical study in Malaysia." Journal of Cleaner Production 92 (2015): 75-83.Google Scholar
- Zhang, X. and Rao, R. (2016) A benefit analysis of electric vehicle battery swapping and leasing modes in China. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(6), pp.1414-1426.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nuryakin, C., Riyadi, S.A. and Massie, N.W.G. (2020) Estimating the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Of Electrified Vehicle In Indonesia.Google Scholar
- Ahuja, Jyoti; Dawson, Louis; LEE, Robert. (2020) A circular economy for electric vehicle batteries: driving the change. Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental Law.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lévay, P.Z., Drossinos, Y. and Thiel, C. (2017) The effect of fiscal incentives on market penetration of electric vehicles: A pairwise comparison of total cost of ownership. Energy Policy, 105, pp.524-533.Google ScholarCross Ref
- He, Jia, "An optimal charging station location model with the consideration of electric vehicle's driving range." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 86 (2018): 641-654.Google Scholar
- Lam, Albert YS, Yiu-Wing Leung, and Xiaowen Chu. "Electric vehicle charging station placement: Formulation, complexity, and solutions." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 5.6 (2014): 2846-2856.Google Scholar
- Liao, Fanchao, "Consumer preferences for business models in electric vehicle adoption." Transport Policy 73 (2019): 12-24.Google Scholar
- Will, Christian, and Alexander Schuller. "Understanding user acceptance factors of electric vehicle smart charging." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 71 (2016): 198-214.Google Scholar
- Wirges, Johannes, Susanne Linder, and Alois Kessler. "Modelling the development of a regional charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in time and space." European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 12.4 (2012).Google Scholar
- Zhang, Lihui, "Charge pricing model for electric vehicle charging infrastructure public-private partnership projects in China: A system dynamics analysis." Journal of Cleaner Production 199 (2018): 321-333.Google Scholar
- Damayanti, Sih, Akhmad Hidayatno, and Andri D. Setiawan. "User Acceptance of Electric Vehicles in Indonesia: A Conceptual Model." Proceedings of the 3rd Asia Pacific Conference on Research in Industrial and Systems Engineering 2020. 2020.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Feng, Bo, Qiwen Ye, and Brian J. Collins. "A dynamic model of electric vehicle adoption: The role of social commerce in new transportation." Information & Management 56.2 (2019): 196-212.Google Scholar
- Verma, A., Raj, R., Kumar, M., Ghandehariun, S., Kumar, A., 2015. Assessment of renewable energy technologies for charging electric vehicles in Canada. Energy 86, 548-559.Google ScholarCross Ref
- https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2020/02/03/130200315/sudah-bebas-pajak-jumlah-kendaraan-listrik-di-jakarta-belum-banyakGoogle Scholar
- https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20201007150346-384-555502/daftar-stasiun-pengecasan-kendaraan-listrik-di-indonesiaGoogle Scholar
- Liu, J., Wei, Q., 2018. Risk evaluation of electric vehicle charging infrastructure public-private partnership projects in China using fuzzy TOPSIS. J. Clean. Prod. 189, 211e222.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Langbroek, J.H.M., Franklin, J.P., Susilo, Y.O., 2017. When do you charge your electric vehicle? A stated adaptation approach. Energy Pol. 108, 565e573.Google ScholarCross Ref
- IEA (2020), Global EV Outlook 2020, IEA, Paris. Page 87.Google Scholar
- Hidayatno, Akhmad, Regina Dhamayanti, and Arry Rahmawan Destyanto, 2018. Model Conceptualization for Policy Analysis in Renewable Energy Development in Indonesia by Using System Dynamics. International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy, 54-58.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sterman, John D. 2001. System Dynamics Modeling: Tools for Learning in a Complex World. California Management Review 43, 4, 8-25.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Setiawan, Andri D., Irvanu Rahman, Akhmad Hidayatno, and Almira Dilis Eliana Zelin, 2019. Modeling Adoption of Electronic Money in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 2019 5th International Conference on Industrial and Business Engineering.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Walker, W.E., 2000. Policy Analysis: A Systematic Approach to Supporting Policy making in the Public Sector. Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis 9, 11-27.Google ScholarCross Ref
Recommendations
On Pricing Models for Electric Vehicle Charging
2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)The greenhouse gas emissions from fossil-fuel-based vehicles are the primary reasons for air pollution in urban areas. Recently, Electric Vehicles (EVs) have been promoted globally for mitigating these emissions. However, the long charging time and the ...
Improving Electric Vehicle Charging Coordination Through Area Pricing
Meeting charging demands of large electric vehicle fleets will raise electrical load significantly and may pose challenges for today's power system. Appropriate coordination of electric vehicle charging can reduce these threats. Acknowledging the ...
Dynamic Data-Driven Carbon-Based Electric Vehicle Charging Pricing Strategy Using Machine Learning
2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)In order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045, it is estimated that California will need approximately eight million Electric Vehicles (EVs) and 1.5 million shared chargers by 2030. It is clear that innovative charging solutions will be needed to align ...
Comments