Gabriele Cimolino
T.C. Nicholas Graham
Skip Abstract Section
Skip Supplemental Material SectionAbstract
Digital games are designed to be controlled using hardware devices such as gamepads, keyboards, and cameras. Some device inputs may be inaccessible to players with motor impairments, rendering them unable to play. Games and devices can be adapted to enable play, but for some players these adaptations may not go far enough. Games may require inputs that some players cannot provide with any device. To address this problem, we introduce partial automation, an accessibility technique that delegates control of inaccessible game inputs to an AI partner. Partial automation complements and builds on other approaches to improving games' accessibility, including universal design, player balancing, and interface adaptation. We have demonstrated partial automation in two games for the rehabilitation of spinal cord injury. Six study participants with vastly different motor abilities were able to play both games. Participants liked the increased personalization that partial automation affords, although some participants were confused by aspects of the AI's behaviour.
Supplemental Material
Available for Download
srt
v5chip266vfc.srt (4.3 KB)
Video figure captions
- Ahmad Alsaleem, Ross Imburgia, Mateo Godinez, Andrew Merryweather, Roger Altizer, Tamara Denning, Jeffery Rosenbluth, Stephen Trapp, and Jason Wiese. 2019. Leveraging Shared Control to Empower People with Tetraplegia to Participate in Extreme Sports. In The 21st International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '19). Association for Computing Machinery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 470--481. https://doi.org/10.1145/3308561.3353775Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Ahmad Alsaleem, Ross Imburgia, Andrew Merryweather, Roger Altizer, Jeffrey Rosenbluth, Stephen Trapp, and Jason Wiese. 2020 a. Experience is not Required: Designing a Sailing Experience for Individuals with Tetraplegia. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM on Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS '20). Association for Computing Machinery, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 35--46. https://doi.org/10.1145/3357236.3395529Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ahmad Alsaleem, Ross Imburgia, Andrew Merryweather, Jeffrey Rosenbluth, Stephen Trapp, and Jason Wiese. 2020 b. Applying Ability-Based Design Principles to Adaptive Outdoor Activities. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM on Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS '20). Association for Computing Machinery, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 1--12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3357236.3395508Google ScholarDigital Library
- Saleema Amershi, Maya Cakmak, William Bradley Knox, and Todd Kulesza. 2014. Power to the People: The Role of Humans in Interactive Machine Learning . AI Magazine , Vol. 35, 4 (Dec. 2014), 105--120. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v35i4.2513 Number: 4.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Saleema Amershi, Dan Weld, Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Adam Fourney, Besmira Nushi, Penny Collisson, Jina Suh, Shamsi Iqbal, Paul N. Bennett, Kori Inkpen, Jaime Teevan, Ruth Kikin-Gil, and Eric Horvitz. 2019. Guidelines for Human-AI Interaction. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '19). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 3:1--3:13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300233 event-place: Glasgow, Scotland Uk.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mark S Baldwin, Sen Hirano, RJ DeRama, Jennifer Mankoff, and Gillian R Hayes. 2019. Blind Navigation on the Water Through Shared Assistive Technology . (2019), 4.Google Scholar
- Scott Bateman, Regan L. Mandryk, Tadeusz Stach, and Carl Gutwin. 2011. Target assistance for subtly balancing competitive play. In Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '11 . ACM Press, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2355. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979287Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bemani. 1998. Dance Dance Revolution . Game [Arcade]. Konami, Tokyo, Japan.Google Scholar
- A.L. Betker, T. Szturm, and Z. Moussavi. 2005. Development of an Interactive Motivating Tool for Rehabilitation Movements. In 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference. 6893--6896. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2005.1616090 ISSN: 1558--4615.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Aimee L Betker, Ankur Desai, Cristabel Nett, Naaz Kapadia, and Tony Szturm. 2007. Game-based Exercises for Dynamic Short-Sitting Balance Rehabilitation of People With Chronic Spinal Cord and Traumatic Brain Injuries . Physical Therapy , Vol. 87, 10 (Oct. 2007), 1389--1398. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060229Google ScholarCross Ref
- Christophe Bortolaso, Jérémy Bourdiol, and T. C. Nicholas Graham. 2019. Enhancing Communication and Awareness in Asymmetric Games. In Entertainment Computing and Serious Games (Lecture Notes in Computer Science ), Erik van der Spek, Stefan Göbel, Ellen Yi-Luen Do, Esteban Clua, and Jannicke Baalsrud Hauge (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 250--262. https://doi.org/10.1007/978--3-030--34644--7_20Google Scholar
- Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology , Vol. 3, 2 (Jan. 2006), 77--101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oaGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2013. Successful qualitative research: a practical guide for beginners .SAGE, Los Angeles. OCLC: ocn811733656.Google Scholar
- Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2019. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health , Vol. 11, 4 (Aug. 2019), 589--597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jared E. Cechanowicz, Carl Gutwin, Scott Bateman, Regan Mandryk, and Ian Stavness. 2014. Improving Player Balancing in Racing Games. In Proceedings of the First ACM SIGCHI Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) (CHI PLAY '14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 47--56. https://doi.org/10.1145/2658537.2658701Google ScholarDigital Library
- Stephen Cuzzort and Thad Starner. 2008. AstroWheelie: A wheelchair based exercise game. In 2008 12th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers. 113--114. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISWC.2008.4911599 ISSN: 2376--8541.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Matthew Dalgleish. 2018. "There are no universal interfaces: how asymmetrical roles and asymmetrical controllers can increase access diversity. GtextbarAtextbarMtextbarE Games as Art, Media, Entertainment , Vol. 1, 7 (2018). https://www.gamejournal.it/?p=3449 Publisher: Ludica Section: Journal.Google Scholar
- Xiaoyan Deng, Zhu Liang Yu, Canguang Lin, Zhenghui Gu, and Yuanqing Li. 2020. Self-adaptive shared control with brain state evaluation network for human-wheelchair cooperation. Journal of Neural Engineering , Vol. 17, 4 (July 2020), 045005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741--2552/ab937e Publisher: IOP Publishing.Google Scholar
- Nintendo EAD. 2007. Wii Fit . Game [Wii]. Nintendo EAD, Kyoto, Japan.Google Scholar
- Nintendo EAD. 2017. Mario Kart 8 Deluxe . Game [Nintendo Switch]. Nintendo, Kyoto, Japan.Google Scholar
- Jamal K. Edey, Katie Seaborn, Carmen Branje, and Deborah I. Fels. 2014. Powered to play: A mixed reality game for people driving powered chairs. In 2014 IEEE Games Media Entertainment. 1--8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GEM.2014.7048101 ISSN: null.Google Scholar
- Ann-Christin Eliasson, Lena Krumlinde-Sundholm, Birgit Rösblad, Eva Beckung, Marianne Arner, Ann-Marie Öhrvall, and Peter Rosenbaum. 2006. The Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) for children with cerebral palsy: scale development and evidence of validity and reliability. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology , Vol. 48, 7 (2006), 549--554. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469--8749.2006.tb01313.x _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469--8749.2006.tb01313.x.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Blizzard Entertainment. 1998. Starcraft . Game [Windows]. Blizzard Entertainment, Irvine, California, USA.Google Scholar
- Richard Evans. 2002. Varieties of Learning . In AI Game Programming Wisdom. Charles River Media, Inc., Rockland, MA, USA, 567--578.Google Scholar
- Chinemelu Ezeh, Pete Trautman, Louise Devigne, Valentin Bureau, Marie Babel, and Tom Carlson. 2017a. Probabilistic vs linear blending approaches to shared control for wheelchair driving. In 2017 International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR) . 835--840. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2017.8009352 ISSN: 1945--7901.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chinemelu Ezeh, Pete Trautman, Catherine Holloway, and Tom Carlson. 2017b. Comparing shared control approaches for alternative interfaces: A wheelchair simulator experiment. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, Banff, AB, 93--98. https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2017.8122584Google ScholarDigital Library
- Shirley G. Fitzgerald, Rory A. Cooper, Tricia Thorman, Rosemarie Cooper, SongFeng Guo, and Michael L. Boninger. 2004. The Gamecycle Exercise System: Comparison With Standard Ergometry . The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine , Vol. 27, 5 (Jan. 2004), 453--459. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2004.11752237Google ScholarCross Ref
- Shirley G. Fitzgerald, Rory A. Cooper, Emily Zipfel, Donald M. Spaeth, Jeremy Puhlman, Annmarie Kelleher, Rosemarie Cooper, and Songfeng Guo. 2006. The development and preliminary evaluation of a training device for wheelchair users: The GAMEWheels system. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology , Vol. 1, 1--2 (Jan. 2006), 129--139. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280500167639Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. M. Flynn and B. S. Lange. 2010. Games for rehabilitation: the voice of the players. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality & Associated Technologies. 185--194.Google Scholar
- Beat Games. 2019. Beat Saber . Game [Oculus VR]. Beat Games, Prague, Czech Republic.Google Scholar
- Epic Games. 2017. Fortnite . Game [Windows]. Epic Games, Cary, North Carolina, USA.Google Scholar
- Riot Games. 2009. League of Legends . Game [Windows]. Riot Games, Los Angeles, California, USA.Google Scholar
- Milad Geravand, Christian Werner, Klaus Hauer, and Angelika Peer. 2016. An Integrated Decision Making Approach for Adaptive Shared Control of Mobility Assistance Robots . International Journal of Social Robotics , Vol. 8, 5 (Nov. 2016), 631--648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-016-0353-zGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- Kathrin Gerling, Kieran Hicks, Michael Kalyn, Adam Evans, and Conor Linehan. 2016. Designing Movement-based Play With Young People Using Powered Wheelchairs. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16). Association for Computing Machinery, San Jose, California, USA, 4447--4458. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858070Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kathrin M. Gerling, Michael R. Kalyn, and Regan L. Mandryk. 2013a. KINECTwheels: wheelchair-accessible motion-based game interaction. In CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems on - CHI EA '13. ACM Press, Paris, France, 3055. https://doi.org/10.1145/2468356.2479609Google Scholar
- Kathrin M. Gerling, Regan L. Mandryk, and Michael R. Kalyn. 2013b. Wheelchair-based game design for older adults. In Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '13). Association for Computing Machinery, Bellevue, Washington, 1--8. https://doi.org/10.1145/2513383.2513436Google Scholar
- Kathrin Maria Gerling, Matthew Miller, Regan L. Mandryk, Max Valentin Birk, and Jan David Smeddinck. 2014. Effects of Balancing for Physical Abilities on Player Performance, Experience and Self-esteem in Exergames. In Proceedings of the 32Nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2201--2210. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2556963 event-place: Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Marientina Gotsis, Fotos Frangoudes, Vangelis Lympouridis, Somboon Maneekobkunwong, David Turpin, and Maryalice Jordan-Marsh. 2013. Skyfarer: a mixed reality shoulder exercise game. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2013 Studio Talks on - SIGGRAPH '13. ACM Press, Anaheim, California, 1--1. https://doi.org/10.1145/2503673.2503675Google ScholarDigital Library
- Marientina Gotsis, Vangelis Lympouridis, Phil Requejo, Lisa L. Haubert, Irina C. Poulos, Fotos Frangoudes, David Turpin, and Maryalice Jordan-Marsh. 2014. Skyfarer: Design Case Study of a Mixed Reality Rehabilitation Video Game. In International Conference of Design, User Experience, and Usability. Springer, 699--710. https://doi.org/10.1007/978--3--319-07626--3_66Google ScholarDigital Library
- Marientina Gotsis, Amanda Tasse, Maximilian Swider, Vangelis Lympouridis, Irina C. Poulos, Alasdair G. Thin, David Turpin, Diane Tucker, and Maryalice Jordan-Marsh. 2012. Mixed reality game prototypes for upper body exercise and rehabilitation. In 2012 IEEE Virtual Reality Workshops (VRW). 181--182. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2012.6180940 ISSN: 1087--8270.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Roland Graf, Pallavi Benawri, Amy E. Whitesall, Dashiell Carichner, Zixuan Li, Michael Nebeling, and Hun Seok Kim. 2019. iGYM: An Interactive Floor Projection System for Inclusive Exergame Environments. In Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (CHI PLAY '19). Association for Computing Machinery, Barcelona, Spain, 31--43. https://doi.org/10.1145/3311350.3347161Google ScholarDigital Library
- Songfeng Guo, G.G. Grindle, E.L. Authier, R.A. Cooper, S.G. Fitzgerald, A. Kelleher, and R. Cooper. 2006. Development and qualitative assessment of the GAME/sup Cycle/ exercise system. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering , Vol. 14, 1 (March 2006), 83--90. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2006.870493Google ScholarCross Ref
- Carl Gutwin and Saul Greenberg. 2002. A Descriptive Framework of Workspace Awareness for Real-Time Groupware . Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) , Vol. 11, 3--4 (Sept. 2002), 411--446. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021271517844Google ScholarDigital Library
- Carl Gutwin and Saul Greenberg. 2004. The importance of awareness for team cognition in distributed collaboration. In Team cognition: Understanding the factors that drive process and performance. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, US, 177--201. https://doi.org/10.1037/10690-009Google Scholar
- Carl Gutwin, Saul Greenberg, and Mark Roseman. 1996 a. Workspace Awareness in Real-Time Distributed Groupware: Framework, Widgets, and Evaluation. In Proceedings of HCI on People and Computers XI (HCI '96). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 281--298.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Carl Gutwin, Mark Roseman, and Saul Greenberg. 1996 b. A usability study of awareness widgets in a shared workspace groupware system. In Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW '96). Association for Computing Machinery, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 258--267. https://doi.org/10.1145/240080.240298Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Hayati and S.T. Venkataraman. 1989. Design and implementation of a robot control system with traded and shared control capability. In 1989 International Conference on Robotics and Automation Proceedings. 1310--1315 vol.3. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.1989.100161 ISSN: null.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hamilton A. Hernandez, T.C. Nicholas Graham, Darcy Fehlings, Lauren Switzer, Zi Ye, Quentin Bellay, Md Ameer Hamza, Cheryl Savery, and Tadeusz Stach. 2012. Design of an Exergaming Station for Children with Cerebral Palsy. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2619--2628. https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208652Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hamilton A. Hernandez, Zi Ye, T.C. Nicholas Graham, Darcy Fehlings, and Lauren Switzer. 2013. Designing Action-based Exergames for Children with Cerebral Palsy. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1261--1270. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2466164Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kieran Hicks and Kathrin Gerling. 2015. Exploring Casual Exergames with Kids Using Wheelchairs. In Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (CHI PLAY '15). Association for Computing Machinery, London, United Kingdom, 541--546. https://doi.org/10.1145/2793107.2810304Google ScholarDigital Library
- Susan Hwang, Adrian L. Jessup Schneider, Daniel Clarke, Alexander Macintosh, Lauren Switzer, Darcy Fehlings, and T.C. Nicholas Graham. 2017. How Game Balancing Affects Play: Player Adaptation in an Exergame for Children with Cerebral Palsy. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems - DIS '17. ACM Press, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 699--710. https://doi.org/10.1145/3064663.3064664Google Scholar
- F. Iacopetti, L. Fanucci, R. Roncella, D. Giusti, and A. Scebba. 2008. Game Console Controller Interface for People with Disability. In 2008 International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems. 757--762. https://doi.org/10.1109/CISIS.2008.77Google Scholar
- Toshiyuki Inagaki. 2003. Adaptive automation: Sharing and trading of control. In Handbook of cognitive task design . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mahwah, NJ, US, 147--169. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781410607775.ch8Google Scholar
- Mads Møller Jensen and Kaj Grønbæk. 2016. Design Strategies for Balancing Exertion Games: A Study of Three Approaches. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems - DIS '16. ACM Press, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 936--946. https://doi.org/10.1145/2901790.2901843Google ScholarDigital Library
- Shannon Knights, Nicholas Graham, Lauren Switzer, Hamilton Hernandez, Zi Ye, Briar Findlay, Wen Yan Xie, Virginia Wright, and Darcy Fehlings. 2016. An innovative cycling exergame to promote cardiovascular fitness in youth with cerebral palsy. Developmental neurorehabilitation , Vol. 19, 2 (2016), 135--140.Google Scholar
- Konami. 1981. Frogger . Game [Arcade]. Konami, Tokyo, Japan.Google Scholar
- Zhijun Li, Suna Zhao, Jiding Duan, Chun-Yi Su, Chenguang Yang, and Xingang Zhao. 2017. Human Cooperative Wheelchair With Brain--Machine Interaction Based on Shared Control Strategy . IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics , Vol. 22, 1 (Feb. 2017), 185--195. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMECH.2016.2606642 Conference Name: IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Anna Loparev, Walter S. Lasecki, Kyle I. Murray, and Jeffrey P. Bigham. 2014. Introducing shared character control to existing video games. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, FDG 2014, Liberty of the Seas, Caribbean, April 3--7, 2014 , , Michael Mateas, Tiffany Barnes, and Ian Bogost (Eds.). Society for the Advancement of the Science of Digital Games. http://www.fdg2014.org/papers/fdg2014_wip_10.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Ana C. Lopes, Urbano Nunes, Luis Vaz, and Luís Vaz. 2010. Assisted navigation based on shared-control, using discrete and sparse human-machine interfaces. In 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology. 471--474. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5626221 ISSN: 1558--4615.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ana C. Lopes, Gabriel Pires, Luís Vaz, and Urbano Nunes. 2011. Wheelchair navigation assisted by Human-Machine shared-control and a P300-based Brain Computer Interface. In 2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. 2438--2444. https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2011.6094748 ISSN: 2153-0866.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Laurie A Malone, Sangeetha Padalabalanarayanan, Justin McCroskey, and Mohanraj Thirumalai. 2017. Assessment of Active Video Gaming Using Adapted Controllers by Individuals With Physical Disabilities: A Protocol . JMIR Research Protocols , Vol. 6, 6 (June 2017), e116. https://doi.org/10.2196/resprot.7621Google ScholarCross Ref
- Laurie A Malone, Mohanraj Thirumalai, Sangeetha Padalabalanarayanan, Whitney N Neal, Sean Bowman, and Tapan Mehta. 2019. Energy Expenditure and Enjoyment During Active Video Gaming Using an Adapted Wii Fit Balance Board in Adults with Physical Disabilities: Observational Study . JMIR Serious Games , Vol. 7, 1 (Feb. 2019), e11326. https://doi.org/10.2196/11326Google ScholarCross Ref
- Liam Mason, Kathrin Gerling, Patrick Dickinson, and Jussi Holopainen. 2020. Dash Lane: An Adaptive Exergame for People Using Manual Wheelchairs. In Companion Publication of the 2020 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS' 20 Companion ). Association for Computing Machinery, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 321--324. https://doi.org/10.1145/3393914.3395823Google ScholarDigital Library
- Maziah Mat Rosly, Mark Halaki, Hadi Mat Rosly, Victor Cuesta, Nazirah Hasnan, Glen M. Davis, and Ruby Husain. 2017. Exergaming for Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study . Games for Health Journal , Vol. 6, 5 (Oct. 2017), 279--289. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2017.0028Google Scholar
- Lucas Medeiros and Flavio Coutinho. 2015. Developing an Accessible One-Switch Game for Motor Impaired Players. In Proceedings of SBGames 2015. Teresina, PI, Brazil, 236--239.Google Scholar
- Ian Millington, John Funge, and John Funge. 2018. Artificial Intelligence for Games. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315375229Google ScholarDigital Library
- Volodymyr Mnih, Koray Kavukcuoglu, David Silver, Andrei A. Rusu, Joel Veness, Marc G. Bellemare, Alex Graves, Martin Riedmiller, Andreas K. Fidjeland, Georg Ostrovski, Stig Petersen, Charles Beattie, Amir Sadik, Ioannis Antonoglou, Helen King, Dharshan Kumaran, Daan Wierstra, Shane Legg, and Demis Hassabis. 2015. Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning. https://link-galegroup-com.proxy.queensu.ca/apps/doc/A403785747/AONE'sid=lmsGoogle Scholar
- Florian Mueller, Frank Vetere, Martin Gibbs, Darren Edge, Stefan Agamanolis, Jennifer Sheridan, and Jeffrey Heer. 2012. Balancing exertion experiences. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '12 . ACM Press, Austin, Texas, USA, 1853. https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208322Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sara J. Mulroy, Lilli Thompson, Bryan Kemp, Patricia Pate Hatchett, Craig J. Newsam, Dee Gutierrez Lupold, Lisa Lighthall Haubert, Valerie Eberly, Ting-Ting Ge, Stanley P. Azen, Carolee J. Winstein, James Gordon, and Physical Therapy Clinical Research Network (PTClinResNet). 2011. Strengthening and optimal movements for painful shoulders (STOMPS) in chronic spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy , Vol. 91, 3 (March 2011), 305--324. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100182Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Muñoz, G. N. Yannakakis, F. Mulvey, D. W. Hansen, G. Gutierrez, and A. Sanchis. 2011. Towards gaze-controlled platform games. In 2011 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG'11). 47--54. https://doi.org/10.1109/CIG.2011.6031988 ISSN: 2325--4289.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kemal Nas, Levent Yazmalar, Volkan ?ah, Abdulkadir Ayd?n, and Kadriye Öne?. 2015. Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries. World Journal of Orthopedics , Vol. 6, 1 (Jan. 2015), 8--16. https://doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v6.i1.8Google ScholarCross Ref
- Donald A. Norman. 2002. The Design of Everyday Things. Basic Books, Inc., USA.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Roland Ossmann, David Thaller, Gerhard Nussbaum, Christoph Veigl, and Christoph Weiß. 2012. Making the PlayStation 3 Accessible with AsTeRICS. In Computers Helping People with Special Needs , , Klaus Miesenberger, Arthur Karshmer, Petr Penaz, and Wolfgang Zagler (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 443--450.Google Scholar
- Robert Palisano, Peter Rosenbaum, Stephen Walter, Dianne Russell, Ellen Wood, and Barbara Galuppi. 1997. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology , Vol. 39, 4 (1997), 214--223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469--8749.1997.tb07414.x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-010-0189--5Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- The Role of Partial Automation in Increasing the Accessibility of Digital Games
Recommendations
Popular Accessibility Settings in Digital Games: What accessibility settings do players with disabilities use and need?
Academic Mindtrek '22: Proceedings of the 25th International Academic Mindtrek ConferenceThis study aims to answer the following research questions: 1. What accessibility settings do people with disabilities use in digital games? and 2. What accessibility settings would make games more accessible for players with disabilities? The questions ...
Automation Confusion: A Grounded Theory of Non-Gamers’ Confusion in Partially Automated Action Games
CHI '23: Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsPartial automation makes digital games simpler by performing game actions for players. It may simplify gameplay for non-gamers who have difficulty controlling and understanding games. However, the automation may make players confused about what they ...
Game accessibility: a survey
Over the last three decades, video games have evolved from a pastime into a force of change that is transforming the way people perceive, learn about, and interact with the world around them. In addition to entertainment, games are increasingly used for ...
Comments