Aleksandar Ichkov
ABSTRACT
Enabling high rate mm-wave connectivity requires precise directional antenna beam alignment, and extensive beam management to maintain it in case of user mobility. In this paper we present the results of an extensive evaluation of mm-wave beam misalignment effects of small- and large-scale user mobility based on fine-grained 3D channel measurements obtained using phased antenna arrays in Aachen, and additional small-scale device movement measurements for selected user walks and device use-cases. Our results show azimuth beam misalignment due to small-scale mobility of up to 34° on average over the walk, and high variability and dependence on the walking trajectory and device use-case. This is reflected in increased beam steering effort required to maintain best achievable data rate -- up to 26°, or 60% increase on average, compared to the reference scenario considering only large-scale mobility. Results also show that beam misalignment due to small-scale mobility, if it is not compensated, can lead to severe data rate loss, i.e. up to 85% on average over the walk, and even link outages for prolonged periods of the walk. Overall, our results suggest it is requisite for mm-wave beam management protocols to compensate the additional misalignment due to small-scale user mobility, either through rapid network-side beam tracking, or locally at the user device, to maintain high rate mobile connectivity.
- J. Arnold, L. Simić, and P. Mähönen. 2017. Experimental Feasibility Study of Motion Sensor-Aided mm-Wave Beam Tracking. In Proc. ACM mmNets. Snowbird, UT, USA.Google Scholar
- M. Giordani and et. al. 2019. A Tutorial on Beam Management for 3GPP NR at mmWave Frequencies. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 21, 1 (Firstquarter 2019), 173--196.Google ScholarCross Ref
- L. Grannemann, A. Ichkov, P. Mähönen, and L. Simić. 2021. Urban Outdoor Measurement Study of Phased Antenna Array Impact on Millimeter-Wave Link Opportunities and Beam Misalignment. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 20, 3 (2021), 1727--1741.Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Ichkov, I. Gehring, P. Mähönen, and L. Simić. 2021. Empirical Study of Mobility Support in Millimeter-Wave Outdoor Urban Deployments. In Proc. IEEE ICC. Montreal, Canada. accepted.Google Scholar
- J. Ko and et. al. 2017. Millimeter-wave channel measurements and analysis for statistical spatial channel model in in-building and urban environments at 28 GHz. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 16, 9 (Sept. 2017), 5853--5868.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Land NRW. 2019. TIM-online 2.0. https://www.tim-online.nrw.de/tim-online2/Google Scholar
- S. H. Lim and et. al. 2021. Deep Learning-based Beam Tracking for Millimeter-wave Communications under Mobility. Online: https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.09785.Google Scholar
- MATLAB. 2021. MATLAB Mobile. https://de.mathworks.com/products/matlab-mobile.html.Google Scholar
- V. Raghavan and et. al. 2018. Millimeter-Wave MIMO Prototype: Measurements and Experimental Results. IEEE Commun. Mag. 56, 1 (Jan. 2018), 202--209. 0163-6804Google ScholarCross Ref
- V. Raghavan and et. al. 2019. Statistical Blockage Modeling and Robustness of Beamforming in Millimeter-Wave Systems. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. 67, 7 (July 2019), 3010--3024.Google ScholarCross Ref
- T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney, M. K. Samimi, and S. Sun. 2015. Wideband millimeter-wave propagation measurements and channel models for future wireless communication system design. IEEE Trans. Commun. 63, 9 (Sept. 2015), 3029--3056. 0090-6778Google ScholarCross Ref
- SiversIMA. 2020. Product Brief: EVK06002. https://www.siversima.com/wp-content/uploads/PB_EVK-06002-00_1-02-1.pdfGoogle Scholar
- S.Rezaie, C. N. Manchón, and E. de Carvalho. 2020. Location- and Orientation-Aided Millimeter Wave Beam Selection Using Deep Learning. In Proc IEEE ICC. Virtual Conference.Google ScholarCross Ref
- X-IO Technologies. 2012. Open source IMU and AHRS algorithms. https://x-io.co.uk/open-source-imu-and-ahrs-algorithms/.Google Scholar
- M. Xiao and et. al. 2017. Millimeter wave communications for future mobile networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 35, 9 (Sept. 2017), 1909--1935.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Millimeter-wave beam misalignment effects of small- and large-scale user mobility based on urban measurements
Recommendations
Network Control Overhead of Mobility Support in Millimeter-Wave Urban Cellular Networks
mmNets '18: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Workshop on Millimeter Wave Networks and Sensing SystemsMillimeter-wave (mm-wave) bands promise multi-Gbps rates for future cellular networks by utilizing high-gain beamforming antenna arrays. However, the directional mm-wave transmissions are prone to blockage, making seamless network coverage and mobility ...
Fast millimeter wave beam alignment
SIGCOMM '18: Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data CommunicationThere is much interest in integrating millimeter wave radios (mmWave) into wireless LANs and 5G cellular networks to benefit from their multi-GHz of available spectrum. Yet, unlike existing technologies, e.g., WiFi, mmWave radios require highly ...
Design of 60 GHz millimeter‐wave SIW antenna for 5G WLAN/WPAN applications
AbstractBroadband millimeter Wave (mmWave) transmission at the 60 GHz band is a great prospect to meet the demanding high data rate requirements of future wireless personal area network (WPAN) and wireless local area network (WLAN) 5G networks. This paper ...
In this paper, a single layer H‐plane sectoral horn mmWave antenna is proposed at 60GHz using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology for the future high‐speed short range WPAN and WLAN networks. The benefits of the proposed antenna are high gain, ...
Comments