skip to main content
10.1145/3478431.3499282acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagessigcseConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Additional Evidence for the Prevalence of the Impostor Phenomenon in Computing

Published: 22 February 2022 Publication History

Abstract

Motivation Despite the widespread belief that computing practitioners frequently experience the Imposter Phenomenon (IP), little formal work has measured the prevalence of IP in the computing community despite its negative effect on achievement.
Objectives This study aims to replicate recent work that has suggested that IP experiences are widespread in computing students and to extend that work by exploring the relationship between the IP, progress in the program, and ethnic identity.
Methods A survey with several demographic questions (gender, ethnicity, international status, and year of study) and Clance's IP scale (CIPS) was deployed to students in post-secondary computing courses. Correlations between demographic factors and CIPS scores were evaluated, and a linear model was constructed to explore the interaction between demographic factors of interest.
Results We reaffirm that a high proportion of CS students meet the IP diagnostic criteria and that women report higher CIPS scores than men. We also present evidence that Asian students with domestic and international status report different levels of IP experiences.
Discussion These findings highlight the importance – to educators at all levels – of cultivating belonging in computing communities.

References

[1]
Christine Alvarado, Yingjun Cao, and Mia Minnes. 2017. Gender Differences in Students' Behaviors in CS Classes throughout the CS Major. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education . 27--32.
[2]
Monica Babes-Vroman, Isabel Juniewicz, Bruno Lucarelli, Nicole Fox, Thu Nguyen, Andrew Tjang, Georgiana Haldeman, Ashni Mehta, and Risham Chokshi. 2017. Exploring gender diversity in CS at a large public R1 research university. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education . 51--56.
[3]
Rebecca L Badawy, Brooke A Gazdag, Jeffrey R Bentley, and Robyn L Brouer. 2018. Are all impostors created equal? Exploring gender differences in the impostor phenomenon-performance link. Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 131 (2018), 156--163.
[4]
Carol L Binkerd and Michelle D Moore. 2002. Women/minorities in computer science: where are they? no attention no retention. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, Vol. 17, 5 (2002), 8--12.
[5]
Frank A Bosco, Herman Aguinis, Kulraj Singh, James G Field, and Charles A Pierce. 2015. Correlational effect size benchmarks. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 100, 2 (2015), 431.
[6]
Madison Brigham and Joël Porquet-Lupine. 2021. Gender Differences in Class Participation in Core CS Courses. In Proceedings of the 26th ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1 . 478--483.
[7]
Devasmita Chakraverty. 2019. Impostor phenomenon in STEM: Occurrence, attribution, and identity. Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education (2019).
[8]
Sabine M Chrisman, WA Pieper, Pauline R Clance, CL Holland, and Cheryl Glickauf-Hughes. 1995. Validation of the Clance imposter phenomenon scale. Journal of personality assessment, Vol. 65, 3 (1995), 456--467.
[9]
Pauline Rose Clance. 1985 a. Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS). In The Impostor Phenomenon: When Success Makes You Feel Like A Fake. Bantam Books, 20--22. Used by permission of Dr. Pauline Rose Clance. Do not reproduce/copy/distribute without permission from Pauline Rose Clance, [email protected], https:www.paulineroseclance.com.
[10]
Pauline Rose Clance. 1985 b. From The Impostor Phenomenon: When Success Makes You Feel Like A Fake .Bantam Books.
[11]
Pauline Rose Clance and Suzanne Ament Imes. 1978. The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, Vol. 15, 3 (1978), 241.
[12]
Pauline Rose Clance and Maureen Ann OToole. 1987. The imposter phenomenon: An internal barrier to empowerment and achievement. Women & Therapy, Vol. 6, 3 (1987), 51--64.
[13]
Kevin Cokley, Shannon McClain, Alicia Enciso, and Mercedes Martinez. 2013. An examination of the impact of minority status stress and impostor feelings on the mental health of diverse ethnic minority college students. Journal of multicultural counseling and development, Vol. 41, 2 (2013), 82--95.
[14]
Kevin Cokley, Leann Smith, Donte Bernard, Ashley Hurst, Stacey Jackson, Steven Stone, Olufunke Awosogba, Chastity Saucer, Marlon Bailey, and Davia Roberts. 2017. Impostor feelings as a moderator and mediator of the relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health among racial/ethnic minority college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 64, 2 (2017), 141.
[15]
Wendy DuBow, Alexis Kaminsky, and Joanna Weidler-Lewis. 2017. Multiple factors converge to influence women's persistence in computing: A qualitative analysis. Computing in Science & Engineering, Vol. 19, 3 (2017), 30--39.
[16]
Callie Womble Edwards. 2019. Overcoming imposter syndrome and stereotype threat: Reconceptualizing the definition of a scholar. Taboo: The Journal of Culture and Education, Vol. 18, 1 (2019), 3.
[17]
Anonymous et al. 20XX. Anonymized for Review. In Proceedings of the ...
[18]
Brian F French, Sarah C Ullrich-French, and Deborah Follman. 2008. The psychometric properties of the Clance Impostor Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 44, 5 (2008), 1270--1278.
[19]
Michael A Hogg. 2020. Social identity theory .Stanford University Press.
[20]
Sarah W Holmes, Les Kertay, Lauren B Adamson, CL Holland, and Pauline Rose Clance. 1993. Measuring the impostor phenomenon: A comparison of Clance's IP Scale and Harvey's IP Scale. Journal of personality assessment, Vol. 60, 1 (1993), 48--59.
[21]
Gregor Jöstl, Evelyn Bergsmann, Marko Lüftenegger, Barbara Schober, and Christiane Spiel. 2015. When will they blow my cover? Zeitschrift für Psychologie (2015).
[22]
Karina KL Mak, Sabina Kleitman, and Maree J Abbott. 2019. Impostor phenomenon measurement scales: a systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 10 (2019), 671.
[23]
Marlon Mejias, Ketly Jean-Pierre, Gloria Washington, and Legand Burge. 2019. Underrepresented Groups Threats to Belonging in Computing. In 2019 Research on Equity and Sustained Participation in Engineering, Computing, and Technology (RESPECT). 1--4.
[24]
Richard G Montanelli Jr and Sandra A Mamrak. 1976. The status of women and minorities in academic computer science. Commun. ACM, Vol. 19, 10 (1976), 578--581.
[25]
An Nguyen and Colleen M Lewis. 2020. Competitive enrollment policies in computing departments negatively predict first-year students' sense of belonging, self-efficacy, and perception of department. In Proceedings of the 51st ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. 685--691.
[26]
Anna Parkman. 2016. The imposter phenomenon in higher education: Incidence and impact. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, Vol. 16, 1 (2016), 51.
[27]
Katie Redmond, Sarah Evans, and Mehran Sahami. 2013. A large-scale quantitative study of women in computer science at Stanford University. In Proceeding of the 44th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. 439--444.
[28]
Adam Rosenstein, Aishma Raghu, and Leo Porter. 2020. Identifying the Prevalence of the Impostor Phenomenon Among Computer Science Students. In Proceedings of the 51st ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Portland, OR, USA). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 30--36.
[29]
Anna Schulze. 2020. Examining the Relationship Among Self-Efficacy, Fear of Failure, and Impostor Phenomenon at a HBCU . Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Louisiana at Monroe.
[30]
Marsha Simon and Youn-Jeng Choi. 2018. Using factor analysis to validate the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale in sample of science, technology, engineering and mathematics doctoral students. Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 121 (2018), 173--175.
[31]
Changwon Son, Sudeep Hegde, Alec Smith, Xiaomei Wang, and Farzan Sasangohar. 2020. Effects of COVID-19 on college students' mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of medical internet research, Vol. 22, 9 (2020), e21279.
[32]
Karen W Tao and Alberta M Gloria. 2019. Should I stay or should I go? The role of impostorism in STEM persistence. Psychology of Women Quarterly, Vol. 43, 2 (2019), 151--164.

Cited By

View all
  • (2025)Impostor phenomenon: a narrative review of manifestations, diagnosis, and treatmentMiddle East Current Psychiatry10.1186/s43045-025-00512-232:1Online publication date: 4-Mar-2025
  • (2024)Admissions, Organization, Culture, and Policy: Understanding the Postsecondary Structures that Shape Women’s Entry into Computing Bachelor’s ProgramsAERA Open10.1177/2332858424129075810Online publication date: 12-Nov-2024
  • (2024)Navigating the Impostor Phenomenon in Computer Science Education: Insights from Two Major Southeastern Institutions in the United States2024 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)10.1109/FIE61694.2024.10893023(1-6)Online publication date: 13-Oct-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Additional Evidence for the Prevalence of the Impostor Phenomenon in Computing

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Conferences
    SIGCSE 2022: Proceedings of the 53rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education - Volume 1
    February 2022
    1049 pages
    ISBN:9781450390705
    DOI:10.1145/3478431
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

    Sponsors

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 22 February 2022

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. belonging
    2. imposter syndrome
    3. impostor phenomenon

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article

    Conference

    SIGCSE 2022
    Sponsor:

    Acceptance Rates

    Overall Acceptance Rate 1,787 of 5,146 submissions, 35%

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)89
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)10
    Reflects downloads up to 05 Mar 2025

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2025)Impostor phenomenon: a narrative review of manifestations, diagnosis, and treatmentMiddle East Current Psychiatry10.1186/s43045-025-00512-232:1Online publication date: 4-Mar-2025
    • (2024)Admissions, Organization, Culture, and Policy: Understanding the Postsecondary Structures that Shape Women’s Entry into Computing Bachelor’s ProgramsAERA Open10.1177/2332858424129075810Online publication date: 12-Nov-2024
    • (2024)Navigating the Impostor Phenomenon in Computer Science Education: Insights from Two Major Southeastern Institutions in the United States2024 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)10.1109/FIE61694.2024.10893023(1-6)Online publication date: 13-Oct-2024
    • (2023)Exploring gender imbalances in innovation and entrepreneurship: evidence from a global south countryInternational Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship10.1108/IJGE-08-2022-014515:3(275-292)Online publication date: 14-Sep-2023

    View Options

    Login options

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Figures

    Tables

    Media

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media