Owen Schaffer
ABSTRACT
Building on the sources of enjoyment identified by Schaffer and Fang's card sorting study, we describe the development of two new measures for player experience research, the Enjoyment Questionnaire (EQ) and the Sources of Enjoyment Questionnaire (SoEQ). Among other sources, the EQ and SoEQ draw on flow theory, self-determination theory, and desire fulfillment theory. The EQ assesses digital game enjoyment and the SoEQ assesses 38 sources of enjoyment in digital games, including Humor, Relaxation, Savoring, Optimal Pacing, Optimal Variety, Social Responsibility, Task Significance, and Clear Task Purpose. The scale was validated with a survey of 564 participants. Results demonstrated the EQ and each subscale of the SoEQ have both construct validity and internal consistency. Results also provided evidence for convergent and discriminant validity. The EQ and SoEQ are useful and reliable tools for the study of digital game enjoyment and its sources.
Supplemental Material
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