Matthias Hoppe
Paweł W. Woźniak
Albrecht Schmidt
Robin Welsch
ABSTRACT
Modern games make creative use of First- and Third-person perspectives (FPP and TPP) to allow the player to explore virtual worlds. Traditionally, FPP and TPP perspectives are seen as distinct concepts. Yet, Virtual Reality (VR) allows for flexibility in choosing perspectives. We introduce the notion of a perspective continuum in VR, which is technically related to the camera position and conceptually to how users perceive their environment in VR. A perspective continuum enables adapting and manipulating the sense of agency and involvement in the virtual world. This flexibility of perspectives broadens the design space of VR experiences through deliberately manipulating perception. In a study, we explore users’ attitudes, experiences and perceptions while controlling a virtual character from the two known perspectives. Statistical analysis of the empirical results shows the existence of a perspective continuum in VR. Our findings can be used to design experiences based on shifts of perception.
Supplemental Material
- Jose Ameijeiras-Alonso, Rosa M Crujeiras, and Alberto Rodríguez-Casal. 2019. Mode testing, critical bandwidth and excess mass. Test 28, 3 (2019), 900–919.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Matthew Botvinick and Jonathan Cohen. 1998. Rubber hands ‘feel’touch that eyes see. Nature 391, 6669 (1998), 756–756.Google Scholar
- Pierre Bourdin, Itxaso Barberia, Ramon Oliva, and Mel Slater. 2017. A virtual out-of-body experience reduces fear of death. PloS one 12, 1 (2017), e0169343.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lucie Bréchet, Robin Mange, Bruno Herbelin, Quentin Theillaud, Baptiste Gauthier, Andrea Serino, and Olaf Blanke. 2019. First-person view of one’s body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory. PLOS ONE 14, 3 (03 2019), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197763Google ScholarCross Ref
- Valve Corporation. 2020. A Fisherman’s Tale. [https://store.steampowered.com/app/559330/A_Fishermans_Tale/].Google Scholar
- Carla de Juan-Ripoll, José L Soler-Domínguez, Jaime Guixeres, Manuel Contero, Noemi Álvarez Gutiérrez, and Mariano Alcañiz. 2018. Virtual reality as a new approach for risk taking assessment. Frontiers in psychology 9 (2018), 2532.Google Scholar
- Alena Denisova and Paul Cairns. 2015. First person vs. third person perspective in digital games: do player preferences affect immersion?. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 145–148.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Katharina Emmerich, Andrey Krekhov, Sebastian Cmentowski, and Jens Krueger. 2021. Streaming VR Games to the Broad Audience: A Comparison of the First-Person and Third-Person Perspectives. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445515Google ScholarDigital Library
- LLC. Facebook Technologies. 2020. Chronos. [https://www.oculus.com/experiences/rift/929508627125435/]- Last accessed: Jan 2022.Google Scholar
- LLC. Facebook Technologies. 2020. A Fisherman’s Tale. [https://www.oculus.com/experiences/quest/2299967930057156/?locale=en_US]- Last accessed: Jan 2022.Google Scholar
- LLC. Facebook Technologies. 2020. Lucky’s Tale. [https://www.oculus.com/experiences/rift/909129545868758/]- Last accessed: Jan 2022.Google Scholar
- LLC. Facebook Technologies. 2020. Moss. [https://www.oculus.com/experiences/rift/1942343732456615/?locale=en_US]- Last accessed: Jan 2022.Google Scholar
- LLC. Facebook Technologies. 2020. Trover Saves the Universe. [https://www.oculus.com/experiences/rift/1769388509760051/?locale=en_US]- Last accessed: Jan 2022.Google Scholar
- Henrique Galvan Debarba, Sidney Bovet, Roy Salomon, Olaf Blanke, Bruno Herbelin, and Ronan Boulic. 2017. Characterizing first and third person viewpoints and their alternation for embodied interaction in virtual reality. PloS one 12, 12 (2017), e0190109.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Azucena Garcia-Palacios, Hunter Hoffman, Albert Carlin, Thomas A Furness III, and Cristina Botella. 2002. Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study. Behaviour research and therapy 40, 9 (2002), 983–993.Google Scholar
- Geoffrey Gorisse, Olivier Christmann, Etienne Armand Amato, and Simon Richir. 2017. First-and Third-Person Perspectives in immersive Virtual environments: Presence and Performance analysis of embodied Users. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 4 (2017), 33.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sarra Graja, Phil Lopes, and Guillaume Chanel. 2020. Impact of Visual and Sound Orchestration on physiological arousal and tension in a horror game. IEEE Transactions on Games(2020).Google Scholar
- Scott W Greenwald, Zhangyuan Wang, Markus Funk, and Pattie Maes. 2017. Investigating social presence and communication with embodied avatars in room-scale virtual reality. In International Conference on Immersive Learning. Springer, 75–90.Google ScholarCross Ref
- LLC Gunfire Games. 2015. CHRONOS. [http://gunfiregames.com/chronos] - Last accessed: Jan 2022.Google Scholar
- Wijnand A IJsselsteijn, Yvonne AW de Kort, and Karolien Poels. 2013. The game experience questionnaire. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven 46, 1 (2013).Google Scholar
- Wijnand A IJsselsteijn, Yvonne A W de Kort, and Antal Haans. 2006. Is this my hand I see before me? The rubber hand illusion in reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 15, 4(2006), 455–464.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Heather Iriye and Peggy L St Jacques. 2021. Memories for third-person experiences in immersive virtual reality. Scientific reports 11, 1 (2021), 1–14.Google Scholar
- Matthew Kay and Jacob O Wobbrock. 2016. Package ‘ARTool’. CRAN Repository (2016), 1–13.Google Scholar
- B Keshavarz. [n.d.]. Hecht H (2011b) Validating an efficient method to quantify motion sickness. Hum Factors 53, 4 ([n. d.]), 415–426.Google Scholar
- Konstantina Kilteni, Raphaela Groten, and Mel Slater. 2012. The sense of embodiment in virtual reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 21, 4(2012), 373–387.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mingyu Kim, Jiwon Lee, Changhun Kim, and Jinmo Kim. 2018. Tpvr: User interaction of third person virtual reality for new presence and experience. Symmetry 10, 4 (2018), 109.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Thomas Kosch, Robin Boldt, Matthias Hoppe, Pascal Knierim, and Markus Funk. 2016. Exploring the Optimal Point of View in Third Person Out-of-Body Experiences. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (Corfu, Island, Greece) (PETRA ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 68, 4 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2910674.2910720Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bigna Lenggenhager, Tej Tadi, Thomas Metzinger, and Olaf Blanke. 2007. Video ergo sum: manipulating bodily self-consciousness. Science 317, 5841 (2007), 1096–1099.Google Scholar
- Daniele Leonardis, Antonio Frisoli, Michele Barsotti, Marcello Carrozzino, and Massimo Bergamasco. 2014. Multisensory feedback can enhance embodiment within an enriched virtual walking scenario. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 23, 3(2014), 253–266.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sony Interactive Entertainment LLC. 2020. ASTRO BOT Rescue Mission. [https://www.playstation.com/en-us/games/astro-bot-rescue-mission-ps4/]- Last accessed: Jan 2022.Google Scholar
- Sony Interactive Entertainment LLC. 2020. Moss. [https://www.playstation.com/en-us/games/moss-ps4/]- Last accessed: Jan 2022.Google Scholar
- Matthew R Longo, Friederike Schüür, Marjolein PM Kammers, Manos Tsakiris, and Patrick Haggard. 2008. What is embodiment? A psychometric approach. Cognition 107, 3 (2008), 978–998.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Angelo Maravita and Atsushi Iriki. 2004. Tools for the body (schema). Trends in cognitive sciences 8, 2 (2004), 79–86.Google Scholar
- Daniel Medeiros, Rafael K. dos Anjos, Daniel Mendes, João Madeiras Pereira, Alberto Raposo, and Joaquim Jorge. 2018. Keep My Head on My Shoulders! Why Third-Person is Bad for Navigation in VR. In Proceedings of the 24th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (Tokyo, Japan) (VRST ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 16, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3281505.3281511Google ScholarDigital Library
- Diego Monteiro, Hai-Ning Liang, Wenge Xu, Marvin Brucker, Vijayakumar Nanjappan, and Yong Yue. 2018. Evaluating enjoyment, presence, and emulator sickness in VR games based on first-and third-person viewing perspectives. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds 29, 3-4 (2018), e1830.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Joschka Mütterlein. 2018. The three pillars of virtual reality? Investigating the roles of immersion, presence, and interactivity. In Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii international conference on system sciences.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Tabitha C Peck, Sofia Seinfeld, Salvatore M Aglioti, and Mel Slater. 2013. Putting yourself in the skin of a black avatar reduces implicit racial bias. Consciousness and cognition 22, 3 (2013), 779–787.Google Scholar
- Valeria Ivanova Petkova, Mehrnoush Khoshnevis, and H Henrik Ehrsson. 2011. The perspective matters! Multisensory integration in ego-centric reference frames determines full-body ownership. Frontiers in psychology 2 (2011), 35.Google Scholar
- Informa PLC. 2020. ’Lucky’s Tale’: The Unexpected Delight of Third-Person Virtual Reality, a Technical Postmortem. [https://www.gdcvault.com/play/1023666/-Lucky-s-Tale-The]- Last accessed: Jan 2022.Google Scholar
- Marieke Rohde, Massimiliano Di Luca, and Marc O Ernst. 2011. The rubber hand illusion: feeling of ownership and proprioceptive drift do not go hand in hand. PloS one 6, 6 (2011), e21659.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Patrick Salamin, Daniel Thalmann, and Frédéric Vexo. 2006. The benefits of third-person perspective in virtual and augmented reality?. In Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology. 27–30.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jonas Schjerlund, Kasper Hornbæk, and Joanna Bergström. 2021. Ninja Hands: Using Many Hands to Improve Target Selection in VR. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–14.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Thomas Schubert, Frank Friedmann, and Holger Regenbrecht. 2001. The experience of presence: Factor analytic insights. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 10, 3(2001), 266–281.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Valentin Schwind, Pascal Knierim, Lewis Chuang, and Niels Henze. 2017. ” Where’s Pinky?” The Effects of a Reduced Number of Fingers in Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play. 507–515.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Valentin Schwind, Pascal Knierim, Lewis Chuang, and Niels Henze. 2017. ”Where’s Pinky?”: The Effects of a Reduced Number of Fingers in Virtual Reality. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1145/3116595.3116596Google ScholarDigital Library
- Valentin Schwind, Pascal Knierim, Cagri Tasci, Patrick Franczak, Nico Haas, and Niels Henze. 2017. ” These are not my hands!” Effect of Gender on the Perception of Avatar Hands in Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1577–1582.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sofia Seinfeld, J Arroyo-Palacios, G Iruretagoyena, R Hortensius, LE Zapata, D Borland, B de Gelder, M Slater, and MV Sanchez-Vives. 2018. Offenders become the victim in virtual reality: impact of changing perspective in domestic violence. Scientific reports 8, 1 (2018), 1–11.Google Scholar
- Mel Slater, Solène Neyret, Tania Johnston, Guillermo Iruretagoyena, Mercè Álvarez de la Campa Crespo, Miquel Alabèrnia-Segura, Bernhard Spanlang, and Guillem Feixas. 2019. An experimental study of a virtual reality counselling paradigm using embodied self-dialogue. Scientific reports 9, 1 (2019), 1–13.Google Scholar
- Mel Slater, Daniel Pérez Marcos, Henrik Ehrsson, and Maria V Sanchez-Vives. 2009. Inducing illusory ownership of a virtual body. Frontiers in neuroscience 3 (2009), 29.Google Scholar
- Mel Slater, Bernhard Spanlang, Maria V Sanchez-Vives, and Olaf Blanke. 2010. First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality. PloS one 5, 5 (2010), e10564.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Laurie N Taylor. 2002. Video games: Perspective, point-of-view, and immersion. (2002).Google Scholar
- Gerald A Voorhees, Joshua Call, and Katie Whitlock. 2012. Guns, grenades, and grunts: First-person shooter games. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.Google Scholar
- Daniel PO Wiedemann, Peter J Passmore, and Magnus Moar. 2016. Virtual Reality 3rd person camera behavior modes. (2016).Google Scholar
- Paweł W. Woźniak, Jakob Karolus, Florian Lang, Caroline Eckerth, Johannes Schöning, Yvonne Rogers, and Jasmin Niess. 2021. Creepy Technology:What Is It and How Do You Measure It?Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445299Google ScholarDigital Library
- Paul Zimmons and Abigail Panter. 2003. The influence of rendering quality on presence and task performance in a virtual environment. In IEEE Virtual Reality, 2003. Proceedings. IEEE, 293–294.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- There Is No First- or Third-Person View in Virtual Reality: Understanding the Perspective Continuum
Recommendations
Streaming VR Games to the Broad Audience: A Comparison of the First-Person and Third-Person Perspectives
CHI '21: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsThe spectatorship experience for virtual reality (VR) games differs strongly from its non-VR precursor. When watching non-VR games on platforms such as Twitch, spectators just see what the player sees, as the physical interaction is mostly unimportant ...
Virtualized reality
CHI EA '13: CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing SystemsVirtual reality is the creation of an entirely digital world. Virtualized reality is the translation of the real world into a digital space. There, the real and virtual unify. We have created an alternate reality in which participants explore their ...
The distinction between first-person perspective and third-person perspective in virtual bodily self-consciousness
AbstractThe distinction between the first-person perspective (1PP) and the third-person perspective (3PP) has been widely regarded as fundamental and rigid, and many researchers hold that genuine bodily illusions can only be experienced from the 1PP. We ...
Comments