skip to main content
research-article

Unsupervised Dynamic Sensor Selection for IoT-Based Predictive Maintenance of a Fleet of Public Transport Buses

Published: 19 July 2022 Publication History

Abstract

In recent years, big data produced by the Internet of Things has enabled new kinds of useful applications. One such application is monitoring a fleet of vehicles in real time to predict their remaining useful life. The consensus self-organized models (COSMO) approach is an example of a predictive maintenance system. The present work proposes a novel Internet of Things based architecture for predictive maintenance that consists of three primary nodes: the vehicle node, the server leader node, and the root node, which enable on-board vehicle data processing, heavy-duty data processing, and fleet administration, respectively. A minimally viable prototype of the proposed architecture was implemented and deployed to a local bus garage in Gatineau, Canada.
The present work proposes improved consensus self-organized models (ICOSMO), a fleet-wide unsupervised dynamic sensor selection algorithm. To analyze the performance of ICOSMO, a fleet simulation was implemented. The J1939 data gathered from a hybrid bus was used to generate synthetic data in the simulations. Simulation results that compared the performance of the COSMO and ICOSMO approaches revealed that in general ICOSMO improves the average area under the curve of COSMO by approximately 1.5% when using the Cosine distance and 0.6% when using Hellinger distance.

References

[1]
Malintha Amarasinghe, Sasikala Kottegoda, Asiri Liyana Arachchi, Shashika Muramudalige, H. M. N. Dilum Bandara, and Afkham Azeez. 2015. Cloud-based driver monitoring and vehicle diagnostic with OBD2 telematics. In Proceedings of the 2015 15th International Conference on Electro/Information Technology (EIT’15).
[2]
Flavio Bonomi, Rodolfo Milito, Preethi Natarajan, and Jiang Zhu. 2014. Fog computing: A platform for Internet of Things and Analytics. In Big Data and Internet of Things: A Roadmap for Smart Environments, Nik Bessis and Ciprian Dobre (Eds.). Studies in Computational Intelligence, Vol. 546. Springer, 169–186.
[3]
Derek R. Braden and David M. Harvey. 2014. A Prognostic and Data Fusion Based Approach to Validating Automotive Electronics. SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-0724. SAE.
[4]
Jyoti Budakoti. 2018. An IoT Gateway Middleware for Interoperability in SDN Managed Internet of Things. Ph.D. Dissertation. Carleton University.
[5]
Sergei Butylin. 2018. Predictive Maintenance Framework for a Vehicular IoT Gateway Node Using Active Database Rules. Master’s Thesis. University of Ottawa. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/38568.
[6]
Stefan Byttner, Slawomir Nowaczyk, Rune Prytz, and Thorsteinn Rognvaldsson. 2013. A field test with self-organized modeling for knowledge discovery in a fleet of city buses. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation.
[7]
Stefan Byttner, Thorsteinn Rögnvaldsson, and Magnus Svensson. 2011. Consensus self-organized models for fault detection (COSMO). Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 24, 5 (2011), 833–839.
[8]
Ece Calikus, Yuantao Fan, Slawomir Nowaczyk, and Anita Sant’Anna. 2019. Interactive-COSMO: Consensus self-organized models for fault detection with expert feedback. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Data Mining. 1–9.
[9]
Sung-Hyuk Cha. 2008. Taxonomy of nominal type histogram distance measures. In Proceedings of the American Conference on Applied Mathematics (MATH’08). 325–330.
[10]
Wenjie Chen. 2020. A Rule-Based Expert System for Predictive Maintenance of a Hybrid Bus. Master’s Thesis. University of Ottawa. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/40661.
[11]
Codrin-Mihai Chira, Raluca Portase, Ramona Tolas, Camelia Lemnaru, and Rodica Potolea. 2020. A system for managing and processing industrial sensor data: SMS. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 16th International Conference on Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing (ICCP’20). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 213–220.
[12]
Santanu Das, Bryan L. Matthews, Ashok N. Srivastava, and Nikunj C. Oza. 2010. Multiple kernel learning for heterogeneous anomaly detection: Algorithm and aviation safety case study. In Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. 47–56.
[13]
Soumya Kanti Datta, Christian Bonnet, and Navid Nikaein. 2014. An IoT gateway centric architecture to provide novel M2M services. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT’14). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 514–519.
[14]
Eclipse Mosquitto. 2018. Eclipse Mosquitto Home Page. Retrieved December 14, 2021 from https://mosquitto.org/.
[15]
Yuantao Fan, Sławomir Nowaczyk, and Thorsteinn Rögnvaldsson. 2020. Transfer learning for remaining useful life prediction based on consensus self-organizing models. Reliability Engineering & System Safety 203 (2020), 107098.
[16]
Shiraz Farouq, Stefan Byttner, and Mohamed-Rafik Bouguelia. 2018. On monitoring heat-pumps with a group-based conformal anomaly detection approach. In Proceedings of the 2018 Internal Conference on Data Science (ICDATA’18).63–69.
[17]
Shiraz Farouq, Stefan Byttner, Mohamed-Rafik Bouguelia, Natasa Nord, and Henrik Gadd. 2020. Large-scale monitoring of operationally diverse district heating substations: A reference-group based approach. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 90 (2020), 103492.
[18]
Jan Furch, Tomas Turo, Zdenek Krobot, and Jiri Stastny. 2017. Using telemetry for maintenance of special military vehicles. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Modelling and Simulation for Autonomous Systems. 392–401.
[19]
Joao Gama. 2010. Knowledge Discovery from Data Streams. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL.
[20]
Chao Jin, Dragan Djurdjanovic, Hossein D. Ardakani, Keren Wang, Matthew Buzza, Behrad Begheri, Patrick Brown, and Jay Lee. 2015. A comprehensive framework of factory-to-factory dynamic fleet-level prognostics and operation management for geographically distributed assets. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE’15). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 225–230.
[21]
Hillol Kargupta, Vasundhara Puttagunta, Martin Klein, and Kakali Sarkar. 2006. On-board vehicle data stream monitoring using MineFleet and fast resource constrained monitoring of correlation matrices. New Generation Computing 25, 1 (2006), 5–32.
[22]
Hillol Kargupta, Kakali Sarkar, and Michael Gilligan. 2010. MineFleet®: An overview of a widely adopted distributed vehicle performance data mining system. In Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. ACM, New York, NY, 37–46.
[23]
John D. Kelleher, Brian Mac Namee, and Aoife D’Arcy. 2015. Fundamentals of Machine Learning for PredictiveAnalytics:Algorithms, Worked Examples, and Case Studies. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
[24]
Patrick Killeen. 2020. Knowledge-Based Predictive Maintenance for Fleet Management. Master’s Thesis. University of Ottawa. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/40086.
[25]
Patrick Killeen, Bo Ding, Iluju Kiringa, and Tet Yeap. 2019. IoT-based predictive maintenance for fleet management. Procedia Computer Science 151 (2019), 607–613.
[26]
Patrick Killeen and Alireza Parvizimosaed. 2018. An AHP-Based Evaluation of Real-Time Stream Processing Technologies in IoT. Technical Report. University of Ottawa. https://www.mudlakebiodiversity.ca/papers/ahp-based-evaluation-iot-2018.pdf.
[27]
Sachin Kumar, Eli Dolev, and Michael Pecht. 2010. Parameter selection for health monitoring of electronic products. Microelectronics Reliability 50, 2 (2010), 161–168.
[28]
Edzel R. Lapira. 2012. Fault Detection in a Network of Similar Machines Using Clustering Approach. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Cincinnati.
[30]
Zongchang Liu. 2018. Cyber-Physical System Augmented Prognostics and Health Management for Fleet-Based Systems. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Cincinnati.
[31]
Liansheng Lui, Shaojun Wang, Datong Liu, Yujie Zhang, and Yu Peng. 2015. Entropy-based sensor selection for condition monitoring and prognostics of aircraft engine. Microelectronics Reliability 55 (2015), 2092–2096.
[32]
Gabriel Michau and Olga Fink. 2019. Unsupervised fault detection in varying operating conditions. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Prognostics and Health Management (ICPHM’19). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1–10.
[33]
Markus Netzer, Jonas Michelberger, and Jürgen Fleischer. 2020. Intelligent anomaly detection of machine tools based on mean shift clustering. Procedia CIRP 93 (2020), 1448–1453.
[34]
Sławomir Nowaczyk, Anita Sant’Anna, Ece Calikus, and Yuantao Fan. 2018. Monitoring equipment operation through model and event discovery. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning. 41–53.
[35]
Mohammad S. Obaidat and Petros Nicopolitidis. 2016. Smart Cities and Homes: Key Enabling Technologies. Morgan Kaufmann.
[36]
OC Transpo. 2021. Home | OC Transpo. Retrieved December 7, 2021 from https://www.octranspo.com/.
[37]
Adrià Salvador Palau. 2020. Distributed Collaborative Prognostics. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Cambridge.
[38]
Adrià Salvador Palau, Maharshi Harshadbhai Dhada, Kshitij Bakliwal, and Ajith Kumar Parlikad. 2019. An industrial multi agent system for real-time distributed collaborative prognostics. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 85 (2019), 590–606.
[39]
Adrià Salvador Palau, Maharshi Harshadbhai Dhada, and Ajith Kumar Parlikad. 2019. Multi-agent system architectures for collaborative prognostics. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 30, 8 (2019), 2999–3013.
[40]
Rune Prytz, Sławomir Nowaczyk, Thorsteinn Rögnvaldsson, and Stefan Byttner. 2015. Predicting the need for vehicle compressor repairs using maintenance records and logged vehicle data. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 41 (2015), 139–150.
[41]
A. J. H. Redelinghuys, A. H. Basson, and K. Kruger. 2020. A six-layer architecture for the digital twin: A manufacturing case study implementation. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 31 (2020), 1383–1402.
[42]
Thorsteinn Rögnvaldsson, Henrik Norrman, Stefan Byttner, and Eric Järpe. 2014. Estimating p-values for deviation detection. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 8th International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems (SASO’14). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 100–109.
[43]
Thorsteinn Rögnvaldsson, Sławomir Nowaczyk, Stefan Byttner, Rune Prytz, and Magnus Svensson. 2018. Self-monitoring for maintenance of vehicle fleets. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 32, 2 (March 2018), 344–384.
[44]
Société de transport d l’Outaouais. 2021. STO | Société de Transport d l’Outaouais. Retrieved December 7, 2021 from http://www.sto.ca/.
[45]
Society of Automotive Engineers International. 2017. J1939 Digital Annex October 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2022 from https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j1939da_201710/.
[46]
Magnus Svensson, Stefan Byttner, and Thorsteinn Rognvaldsson. 2008. Self-organizing maps for automatic fault detection in a vehicle cooling system. In Proceedings of the 2008 4th International IEEE Conference Intelligent Systems.
[47]
Xudong Teng, Yuantao Fan, and Sławomir Nowaczyk. 2016. Evaluation of micro-flaws in metallic material based on a self-organized data-driven approach. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Prognostics and Health Management (ICPHM’16). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1–5.
[48]
Dinesh Thangavel, Xiaoping Ma, Alvin Valera, Hwee-Xian Tan, and Colin Keng-Yan Tan. 2014. Performance evaluation of MQTT and CoAP via a common middleware. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 9th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks, and Information Processing (ISSNIP’14). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1–6.
[49]
Moritz von Stietencron, Marco Lewandowski, Katerina Lepenioti, Alexandros Bousdekis, Karl Hribernik, Dimitris Apostolou, and Gregoris Mentzas. 2020. Streaming analytics in edge-cloud environment for logistics processes. In Proceedings of the IFIP International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems. 245–253.
[50]
Dazhong Wu, Janis Terpenny, Li Zhang, Robert Gao, and Thomas Kurfess. 2016. Fog-enabled architecture for data-driven cyber-manufacturing systems. In Proceedings of the International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, Vol. 49903.
[51]
Chuan Xiong. 2020. Secured System Architecture for the Internet of Things Using a Two Factor Authentication Protocol. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Ottawa.
[52]
Yilu Zhang, Xinyu Du, and Mutasim Salman. 2012. Peer-to-peer collaborative vehicle health management—The concept and an initial study. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management Society.
[53]
Yilu Zhang, Gary W. Gantt, Mark J. Rychlinski, Ryan M. Edwards, John J. Correia, and Calvin E. Wolf. 2009. Connected vehicle diagnostics and prognostics, concept, and initial practice. IEEE Transactions on Reliability 58, 2 (2009), 286–294.
[54]
Arthur Zimek, Erich Schubert, and Hans-Peter Kriegel. 2012. A survey on unsupervised outlier detection in high-dimensional numerical data. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 5, 5 (2012), 363–387.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)The Carrier-Based Sensor Deployment Problem in Industrial Internet of Things With Mesh TopologiesIEEE Internet of Things Journal10.1109/JIOT.2024.345788311:24(41137-41150)Online publication date: 15-Dec-2024
  • (2024)Online Container Caching with Late-Warm for IoT Data Processing2024 IEEE 40th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE)10.1109/ICDE60146.2024.00127(1547-1560)Online publication date: 13-May-2024
  • (2024)Predictive Maintenance by Detection of Gradual Faults in an IoT-Enabled Public Bus2024 IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE)10.1109/CCECE59415.2024.10667221(570-576)Online publication date: 6-Aug-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Unsupervised Dynamic Sensor Selection for IoT-Based Predictive Maintenance of a Fleet of Public Transport Buses

        Recommendations

        Comments

        Information & Contributors

        Information

        Published In

        cover image ACM Transactions on Internet of Things
        ACM Transactions on Internet of Things  Volume 3, Issue 3
        August 2022
        251 pages
        EISSN:2577-6207
        DOI:10.1145/3514184
        Issue’s Table of Contents

        Publisher

        Association for Computing Machinery

        New York, NY, United States

        Journal Family

        Publication History

        Published: 19 July 2022
        Online AM: 20 April 2022
        Accepted: 01 April 2022
        Revised: 01 February 2022
        Received: 01 May 2021
        Published in TIOT Volume 3, Issue 3

        Permissions

        Request permissions for this article.

        Check for updates

        Author Tags

        1. Controller Area Network
        2. J1939
        3. Internet of Things
        4. predictive maintenance
        5. sensor selection
        6. fleet management
        7. predictive analytics
        8. machine learning

        Qualifiers

        • Research-article
        • Refereed

        Funding Sources

        • National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada

        Contributors

        Other Metrics

        Bibliometrics & Citations

        Bibliometrics

        Article Metrics

        • Downloads (Last 12 months)180
        • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)12
        Reflects downloads up to 05 Mar 2025

        Other Metrics

        Citations

        Cited By

        View all
        • (2024)The Carrier-Based Sensor Deployment Problem in Industrial Internet of Things With Mesh TopologiesIEEE Internet of Things Journal10.1109/JIOT.2024.345788311:24(41137-41150)Online publication date: 15-Dec-2024
        • (2024)Online Container Caching with Late-Warm for IoT Data Processing2024 IEEE 40th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE)10.1109/ICDE60146.2024.00127(1547-1560)Online publication date: 13-May-2024
        • (2024)Predictive Maintenance by Detection of Gradual Faults in an IoT-Enabled Public Bus2024 IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE)10.1109/CCECE59415.2024.10667221(570-576)Online publication date: 6-Aug-2024
        • (2023)Mobility Control Centre and Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Urban DistrictsInformation10.3390/info1410058114:10(581)Online publication date: 21-Oct-2023
        • (2023)Corn Yield Prediction Using Crop Growth and Machine Learning ModelsAdvances in Distributed Computing and Machine Learning10.1007/978-981-99-1203-2_28(333-345)Online publication date: 28-Jun-2023
        • (2022)Multi-UAV Route Planning for Data Collection from Heterogeneous IoT Devices2022 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM)10.1109/IEEM55944.2022.9989729(1556-1560)Online publication date: 7-Dec-2022
        • (2022)Comparing data-driven meta-heuristics for the bi-objective Component Repairing Problem2022 IEEE Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Intl Conf on Cloud and Big Data Computing, Intl Conf on Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/CyberSciTech)10.1109/DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/Cy55231.2022.9927981(1-6)Online publication date: 12-Sep-2022

        View Options

        Login options

        Full Access

        View options

        PDF

        View or Download as a PDF file.

        PDF

        eReader

        View online with eReader.

        eReader

        Full Text

        View this article in Full Text.

        Full Text

        HTML Format

        View this article in HTML Format.

        HTML Format

        Figures

        Tables

        Media

        Share

        Share

        Share this Publication link

        Share on social media