Marie-Therese Png
ABSTRACT
This paper aims to present a landscape of AI governance for and from the Global South, advanced by critical and decolonial-informed practitioners and scholars, and contrast this with the Inclusive AI Governance discourse led out of Global North institutions. By doing so, it identifies gaps in the dominant AI governance discourse, and bridges these gaps with relevant discourses of technology and power, localisation, and historical-geopolitical analyses of inequality led by Global South aligned actors. Specific areas of concern addressed by this paper include infrastructural and regulatory monopolies, harms associated with the labour and material supply chains of AI infrastructure, and commercial exploitation. By contrasting Global South and Global North discourses surrounding AI risks, this paper proposes a systemic restructuring of AI governance processes beyond current frameworks of Inclusive AI governance, offering three roles for Global South actors to substantively engage in AI governance processes.
- Mahler, Anne Garland. 2017. “Global South.” Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets, October. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780190221911-0055.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Singh, Ranjit, and Rigoberto Lara Guzmán. 2021. “Parables of AI In/from the Global South.” Data & Society. September 7, 2021. https://datasociety.net/announcements/2021/07/13/call-for-participants-parables-of-ai-in-from-the-global-south/.Google Scholar
- Édouard Glissant, and J Michael Dash. 1999. Caribbean Discourse : Selected Essays. Charlottesville: University Press Of Virginia.Google Scholar
- Connell, Raewyn. 2007. “The Northern Theory of Globalization.” Sociological Theory 25 (4): 368–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00314.x.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Comaroff, Jean, and John L Comaroff. 2016. Theory from the South, Or, How Euro-America Is Evolving toward Africa. London ; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
- Weiss, Thomas G., and Adriana Erthal Abdenur. 2014. “Introduction: Emerging Powers and the UN – What Kind of Development Partnership?” Third World Quarterly 35 (10): 1749–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.971583.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Singh, Ranjit. 2021. “Mapping AI in the Global South.” Medium. January 26, 2021. https://points.datasociety.net/ai-in-the-global-south-sites-and-vocabularies-e3b67d631508.Google Scholar
- Kleven, Anthony. 2019. “Belt and Road: Colonialism with Chinese Characteristics.” Www.lowyinstitute.org. May 6, 2019. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/belt-and-road-colonialism-chinese-characteristics.Google Scholar
- Sheng, Li, and Dmitri Felix do Nascimento. 2021. “The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): The South-South Cooperation (SSC) with Chinese Characteristics.” The Belt and Road Initiative in South–South Cooperation, 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6357-4_1.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nash, Andrew. 2003. “Third Worldism.” African Sociological Review / Revue Africaine de Sociologie 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.4314/asr.v7i1.23132.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Chatham House. 2021. “Reflections on Building More Inclusive Global Governance.” April 2021. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/2021-04-15-reflections-building-inclusive-global-governance.pdf.Google Scholar
- Jobin, Anna, Marcello Ienca, and Effy Vayena. 2019. “The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines.” Nature Machine Intelligence 1 (9): 389–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jasanoff, Sheila, and J. Benjamin Hurlbut. 2018. “A Global Observatory for Gene Editing.” Nature 555 (7697): 435–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-03270-w.Google ScholarCross Ref
- V. Garcia, Eugenio. 2021. “The International Governance of AI: Where Is the Global South?” The Good AI. January 28, 2021. https://thegoodai.co/2021/01/28/the-international-governance-of-ai-where-is-the-global-south/.Google Scholar
- Green, Ben. 2019. “Good” isn't good enough. In Proceedings of the AI for Social Good Workshop, Vancouver, Canada.Google Scholar
- Ulnicane, Inga, Damian Okaibedi Eke, William Knight, George Ogoh, and Bernd Carsten Stahl. 2021. “Good Governance as a Response to Discontents? Déjà Vu, or Lessons for AI from Other Emerging Technologies.” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 46 (1-2): 71–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2020.1840220.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mohamed, Shakir, Marie-Therese Png, and William Isaac. 2020. “Decolonial AI: Decolonial Theory as Sociotechnical Foresight in Artificial Intelligence.” Philosophy & Technology 33 (July). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00405-8.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta. 2019. Race for Profit : How Banks and the Real Estate Industry Undermined Black Homeownership. University Of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
- Cleaver, Frances. 1999. “Paradoxes of Participation: Questioning Participatory Approaches to Development.” Journal of International Development 11: 597–612. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.461.2819.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Bliss, Frank, and Stefan Neumann. 2008. “Participation in International Development Discourse and Practice: ‘State of the Art’ and Challenges.” INEF-Report, no. 94. https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/receive/duepublico_mods_00027005.Google Scholar
- Ahmed, Sara. 2012. On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
- Fraser, Nancy. 2005. Reframing Justice. Uitgeverij Van Gorcum.Google Scholar
- Eubanks, Virginia. 2019. AUTOMATING INEQUALITY : How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
- Rivera Cusicanqui, S. 2012. Ch'ixinakax utxiwa: A Reflection on the Practices and Discourses of Decolonization. South Atlantic Quarterly 111(1): 95-109.https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gatopardismoGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- Benjamin, Ruha. 2019. Race after Technology : Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Medford, Ma: Polity.Google Scholar
- Freire, Paulo. 1970. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar
- Marjo Lindroth, and Heidi Sinevaara-Niskanen. 2018. Global Politics and Its Violent Care for Indigeneity : Sequels to Colonialism. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Nobrega, Camilia, and Joana Varon. 2021. “Big Tech, Gatopardismo and Data Colonialism.” October 29. https://thefirethisti.me/2021/10/29/92-big-tech-gatopardismo-and-data-colonialism-with-camila-nobrega-and-joana-varon/.Google Scholar
- Ricaurte. 2020. “Technology for Life: Resistance from Indigenous and Urban Communities in Mexico.” In Technology, the Environment and a Sustainable World: Responses from the Global South, by GISWatch. https://giswatch.org/sites/default/files/giswatch_2020_english_0.pdf.Google Scholar
- G. Weiss, Thomas. 2016. “Rising Powers, Global Governance, and the United Nations.” Turkey in Global Governance: Searching for Alternatives between the West and the Rest 1 (2): 7–1.Google Scholar
- Helleiner, Eric. 2014. “Introduction.” Global Governance 20, no. 3 (July-Sept): 359–60Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jussi Parikka. 2015. A Geology of Media. Minneapolis ; London: University Of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
- Crawford, Kate. 2021. Atlas of AI. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
- Acharya, Amitav. 2018. The End of American World Order. Cambridge, Uk ; Medford, Ma: Polity.Google Scholar
- Bottino, Celina. 2021. “AI Governance and Policy in the Global South.” presented at the Virtual IEAI Speaker Series, March 25. https://ieai.mcts.tum.de/event/virtual-ieai-speaker-series-ai-governance-and-policy-in-the-global-south-with-celina-bottino/.Google Scholar
- Nayebare, Micheal. 2019. “Artificial Intelligence Policies in Africa over the next Five Years.” XRDS: Crossroads, the ACM Magazine for Students 26 (2): 50–54. https://doi.org/10.1145/3368075.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Stam, Gertjan van. 2020. “Power Inequities: Observations on the Development of Information and Communication Technologies, from an African Place.” 12th ACM Conference on Web Science Companion, July. https://doi.org/10.1145/3394332.3402830.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Birhane, Abeba. 2020. “Algorithmic Colonization of Africa.” SCRIPT-Ed 17 (2): 389–409. https://doi.org/10.2966/scrip.170220.389.Google ScholarCross Ref
- AI Ethics Guidelines Global Inventory. n.d. “AI Ethics Guidelines Global Inventory by AlgorithmWatch.” AI Ethics Guidelines Global Inventory. Accessed January 12, 2021. https://inventory.algorithmwatch.org/.Google Scholar
- Romanoff, Mila. 2019. “Building Ethical AI Approaches in the African Context • UN Global Pulse.” UN Global Pulse. August 28, 2019. https://www.unglobalpulse.org/2019/08/ethical-ai-approaches-in-the-african-context/.Google Scholar
- Capurro, Rafael. 2009. “Intercultural Information Ethics: Foundations and Applications.” Signo Y Pensamiento 28 (55): 66–79. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-48232009000200004.Google Scholar
- Couldry, Nick, and Ulises Ali Mejias. 2019. The Costs of Connection : How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
- Escobar, Arturo. 2004. “Beyond the Third World: Imperial Globality, Global Coloniality and Anti-Globalisation Social Movements.” Third World Quarterly 25 (1): 207–30. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993785.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kak, Amba. 2020. “‘The Global South Is Everywhere, but Also Always Somewhere.’” Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, February. https://doi.org/10.1145/3375627.3375859.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Irani, Lilly, Janet Vertesi, Paul Dourish, Kavita Philip, and Rebecca E. Grinter. 2010. “Postcolonial Computing.” Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’10. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753522.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ali, Syed Mustafa. 2016. “A Brief Introduction to Decolonial Computing.” XRDS: Crossroads, the ACM Magazine for Students 22 (4): 16–21. http://oro.open.ac.uk/46718/.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ricaurte, Paola. 2019. “Data Epistemologies, the Coloniality of Power, and Resistance.” Television & New Media 20 (4): 350–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476419831640.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mhlambi, Sabelo. 2020. “From Rationality to Relationality: Ubuntu as an Ethical and Human Rights Framework for Artificial Intelligence Governance.” Carr Center Discussion Paper Series, no. 2020-009. https://carrcenter.hks.harvard.edu/publications/rationality-relationality-ubuntu-ethical-and-human-rights-framework-artificial.Google Scholar
- Walter, Maggie, Tahu Kukutai, Stephanie Russo Carroll, and Desi Rodriguez-Lonebear. 2020. Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Policy. S.L.: Routledge.Google Scholar
- D'Ignazio, Catherine, and Lauren F Klein. 2020. Data Feminism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Sasha Costanza-Chock. 2020. Design Justice. Editorial: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Milan, Stefania, and Emiliano Treré. 2019. “Big Data from the South(S): Beyond Data Universalism.” Television & New Media 20 (4): 319–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476419837739.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Taylor, Linnet. 2017. “What Is Data Justice? The Case for Connecting Digital Rights and Freedoms Globally.” Big Data & Society 4 (2): 205395171773633. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717736335.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Richardson, Helen, Andrea Tapia, and Lynette Kvasny. 2006. “Introduction: Applying Critical Theory to the Study of ICT.” Social Science Computer Review 24 (3): 267–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439306287971.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Fuchs, Christian. 2009. “Information and Communication Technologies and Society.” European Journal of Communication 24 (1): 69–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323108098947.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Wardrip-Fruin, Noah, and Nick Montfort. 2003. The NewMediaReader. Cambridge, Mass.: Mit Press.Google Scholar
- Dey, Bidit, and Faizan Ali. 2016. “A Critical Review of the ICT for Development Research.” ICTs in Developing Countries, 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137469502_1.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nissenbaum, H. 2001. “How Computer Systems Embody Values.” Computer 34 (3): 120–119. https://doi.org/10.1109/2.910905.Google ScholarDigital Library
- van de Poel and Kroes 2014Google Scholar
- Friedman, Batya, Peter H. Kahn, Alan Borning, and Alina Huldtgren. 2013. “Value Sensitive Design and Information Systems.” Early Engagement and New Technologies: Opening up the Laboratory, 55–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7844-3_4.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sengers, Phoebe, Kirsten Boehner, Shay David, and Joseph ’Jofish’ Kaye. 2005. “Reflective Design.” Proceedings of the 4th Decennial Conference on Critical Computing between Sense and Sensibility - CC ’05. https://doi.org/10.1145/1094562.1094569.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Di Salvo, Carl. 2015. Adversarial Design. MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Raval, Noopur, Amba Kak, and Alejandro Calcaño. 2021. “A New AI Lexicon: Responses and Challenges to the Critical AI Discourse.” A New AI Lexicon. January 19, 2021. https://medium.com/a-new-ai-lexicon/a-new-ai-lexicon-responses-and-challenges-to-the-critical-ai-discourse-f2275989fa62.Google Scholar
- Sampath 2021Google Scholar
- Rayment, P. B. W. 1983. “Intra-‘Industry’ Specialisation and the Foreign Trade of Industrial Countries.” Controlling Industrial Economies, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06340-6_1.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mbembe, Achille, and Sarah Nuttall. 2004. “Writing the World from an African Metropolis.” Public Culture 16 (3): 347–72. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-16-3-347.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kovacs, A., and N. Ranganathan. 2019. “Data Sovereignty, of Whom? Limits and Suitability of Sovereignty Frameworks for Data in India.” Data Governance Network Working Paper 03.Google Scholar
- Bauder, Harald and Mueller, Rebecca . 2021. “Westphalian Vs. Indigenous Sovereignty: Challenging Colonial Territorial Governance”, Geopolitics, 10.1080/14650045.2021.1920577Google Scholar
- Rainie, Stephanie Carroll, Tahu Kukutai, Maggie Walter, Oscar Luis Figueroa-Rodríguez, Jennifer Walker, and Per Axelsson. 2019. Indigenous Data Sovereignty. Researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz. African Minds and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/12918.Google Scholar
- Grosfoguel, Ramón. 2016. “From ‘Economic Extractivism’ to ‘Epistemical Extractivism’ and ‘Ontological Extractivism’: A Destructive Way to Know, Be and Behave in the World.” Tabula Rasa 24 (24): 123–43. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1794-24892016000100006.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Wade, Robert H. 2013. “Capitalism and Democracy at Cross-Purposes.” Challenge 56 (6).Google Scholar
- Karatasli, Sahan Savas. 2020. “The Politics of Operations: Excavating Contemporary Capitalism.” Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 49 (6): 527–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094306120963121r.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. London, England: The Belknap Press Of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Rosa, Fernanda R., and Janice Alane Hauge. 2020. “GAFA's Information Infrastructure Distribution: Implications for the Global South.” Papers.ssrn.com. Rochester, NY. December 15, 2020. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3749732.Google Scholar
- Velluet, Quentin. 2021. “Can Africa Salvage Its Digital Sovereignty?” The Africa Report.com. April 16, 2021. https://www.theafricareport.com/80606/can-africa-salvage-its-digital-sovereignty/.Google Scholar
- Elmi, Nima. 2020. “Is Big Tech Setting Africa Back?” Foreign Policy. November 11, 2020. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/11/is-big-tech-setting-africa-back/.Google Scholar
- South Centre. 2020. “Submission by the South Centre to the Draft Issues Paper on Intellectual Property Policy and Artificial Intelligence (WIPO/IP/AI/2/GE(20/1).” https://www.southcentre.int/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Submission-by-SC-to-the-Draft-Issues-Paper-on-IP-Policy-and-AI.pdf.Google Scholar
- Gopalakrishnan, Shanthi, and Michael D. Santoro. 2004. “Distinguishing between Knowledge Transfer and Technology Transfer Activities: The Role of Key Organizational Factors.” Papers.ssrn.com. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1495508.Google Scholar
- Intellectual Property Watch (2010),Google Scholar
- Jameson, Shaz. 2019. “Extractive Logics as a Systemic Pattern.” Global Data Justice (blog). April 13, 2019. https://globaldatajustice.org/2019-04-13-extractive-logics/.Google Scholar
- Zuboff, Shoshana. 2019. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: Publicaffairs.Google Scholar
- Iyer, Neema, Garnett Achieng, Favour Borokini, and Uri Ludger. 2021. “Automated Imperialism, Expansionist Dreams: Exploring Digital Extractivism in Africa.” Pollicy. https://archive.pollicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Automated-Imperialism-Expansionist-Dreams-Exploring-Digital-Extractivism-in-Africa.pdf.Google Scholar
- Teevan, Chloe. 2021. “Building Strategic European Digital Cooperation with Africa.” ECDPM. https://ecdpm.org/wp-content/uploads/Building-Strategic-European-Digital-Cooperation-With-Africa-ECDPM-Briefing-Note-134-2021.pdf.Google Scholar
- Sassen, Saskia. 2017. “Predatory Formations Dressed in Wall Street Suits and Algorithmic Math.” Science, Technology & Society 22 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971721816682783.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gray, Mary, and Siddharth Suri. 2019. GHOST WORK : How Amazon, Google, and Uber Are Creating a New Global Underclass. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
- Tapia, Danae and Peña, Paz. 2020. “White gold, digital destruction: Research and awareness on the human rights implications of the extraction of lithium perpetrated by the tech industry in Latin American ecosystems.” In Technology, the Environment and a Sustainable World: Responses from the Global South, by GISWatch. https://giswatch.org/sites/default/files/giswatch_2020_english_0.pdf.Google Scholar
- Vicente, José Luis de. 2013. “The Weight of the Cloud.” CCCBLAB, December 27, 2013. https://lab.cccb.org/en/the-weight-of-the-cloud/.Google Scholar
- Clutton-Brock, Peter, David Rolnick, Priya L. Donti, and Lynn H. Kaack. 2021. “Climate Change and AI.” Global Partnership on AI Report.Google Scholar
- Bender, Emily M., Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell. 2021. “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big?” FAccT ’21: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, March, 610–23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Strubell, Emma, Ananya Ganesh, and Andrew Mccallum. 2019. “Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP.” https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.02243.pdf.Google Scholar
- Abraham, David. 2017. The Elements of Power: Gadgets, Guns, and the Struggle for a Sustainable Future in the Rare Metal Age. Reprint edition Yale University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
- Greenpeace. 2020. “Oil in the Cloud How Tech Companies Are Helping Big Oil Profit from Climate Destruction.” https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/oil-in-the-cloud/.Google Scholar
- (Brevini 2021Google Scholar
- Bird, Eleanor, Jasmin Fox-Skelly, Nicola Jenner, Ruth Larbey, Emma Weitkamp, and Alan Weitkamp. 2020. “The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Issues and Initiatives.” Https://Www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/Etudes/STUD/2020/634452/EPRS_STU(2020)634452_EN.pdf. European Parliament Scientific Foresight Unit.Google Scholar
- Khakurel, Jayden, Birgit Penzenstadler, Jari Porras, Antti Knutas, and Wenlu Zhang. 2018. "The Rise of Artificial Intelligence under the Lens of Sustainability" Technologies 6, no. 4: 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies6040100Google ScholarCross Ref
- Legassick, Martin. 1974. “South Africa: Capital Accumulation and Violence.” Economy and Society 3 (3): 253–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147400000014.Google ScholarCross Ref
- UNCTAD. 2013. “Information Economy Report 2013: The Cloud Economy and Developing Countries.” Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.Google Scholar
- Quinn, John, Vanessa Frias-Martinez, and Lakshminarayan Subramanian. 2014. “Computational Sustainability and Artificial Intelligence in the Developing World.” AI Magazine 35 (3): 36. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v35i3.2529.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Neupane, Sujaya, and Matthew L. Smith. 2017. “Artificial Intelligence and Human Development,.” Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre. https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/56949.Google Scholar
- Graham, Mark. 2014. “A Critical Perspective on the Potential of the Internet at the Margins of the Global Economy.” In Society and the Internet: How Networks of Information and Communication Are Changing Our Lives, 201–318. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2448223.Google Scholar
- Graham, Mark, Stefano De Sabbata, and Matthew A. Zook. 2015. “Towards a Study of Information Geographies: (Im)Mutable Augmentations and a Mapping of the Geographies of Information.” Geo: Geography and Environment 2 (1): 88–105. https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.8.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nedzhvetskaya, Nataliya, and J. S. Tan. 2021. “In Oxford Handbook on AI Governance: The Role of Workers in AI Ethics and Governance.” ArXiv:2108.07700 [Cs], August. https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.07700?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+arxiv%2FQSXk+%28ExcitingAds%21+cs+updates+on+arXiv.org%29.Google Scholar
- Irani, Lilly, and Six Silberman. 2013. “Turkopticon: Interrupting Worker Invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk.” CHI 2013: Changing Perspectives, Paris, France. http://crowdsourcing-class.org/readings/downloads/ethics/turkopticon.pdf.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yuan, Li. 2018. “How Cheap Labor Drives China's A.I. Ambitions.” The New York Times, November 25, 2018, sec. Business. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/25/business/china-artificial-intelligence-labeling.html.Google Scholar
- Kurzweil, Ray. 2005. The Singularity Is near : When Humans Transcend Biology. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
- Marchetti, Raffaele. 2016. “Global Civil Society.” E-International Relations. December 28, 2016. https://www.e-ir.info/2016/12/28/global-civil-society/.Google Scholar
- Torres, Guillén. 2017. “Taking a Look at Institutional Resistance to Citizen Empowerment.” DATACTIVE (blog). February 10, 2017. https://data-activism.net/2017/02/blog-taking-a-look-at-institutional-resistance-to-citizen-empowerment-through-data/.Google Scholar
- Pasquinelli, Matteo, and Vladan Joler. 2020. “The Nooscope Manifested: AI as Instrument of Knowledge Extractivism.” AI & SOCIETY 36 (November). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-01097-6.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Milan, Stefania, and Lonneke van der Velden. 2016. “The Alternative Epistemologies of Data Activism.” Digital Culture & Society 2 (2). https://doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2016-0205.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Benkler, Yochai. 2003. “Freedom in the Commons: Towards a Political Economy of Information”. Duke Law Journal 52: 1245-1276 Google Scholar
- Mahmoud, Mustafa. 2019. “Stopping the Digital ID Register in Kenya – a Stand against Discrimination.” Namati (blog). April 25, 2019. https://namati.org/news-stories/stopping-the-digital-id-register-in-kenya-a-stand-against-discrimination/.Google Scholar
- Mcglinchey, Stephen, Rosie Walters, and Christian Scheinpflug. 2017. International Relations Theory. Bristol: E-International Relations Publishing. https://www.e-ir.info/publication/international-relations-theory/.Google Scholar
- Mignolo, Walter. 2012. Local Histories/Global Designs : Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking. Princeton, N.J. ; Oxford: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
- Gramsci, Antonio. 1937-1891. Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. New York: International Publishers, 1971.Google Scholar
- Arora, Payal. 2018. “Decolonizing Privacy Studies.” Television & New Media 20 (4): 366–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476418806092.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Abdala, María Belén, Andrés Ortega, and Julia Pomares. 2020. “Managing the Transition to a Multi-Stakeholder Artificial Intelligence Governance.” G20 Insights. https://www.g20-insights.org/policy_briefs/managing-the-transition-to-a-multi-stakeholder-artificial-intelligence-governance/.Google Scholar
- Milan, 2013 "Social Movements and Their Technologies" https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137313546Google ScholarCross Ref
- Berditchevskaia, Aleks, Eirini Malliaraki, and Kathy Peach. 2021. “Participatory AI for Humanitarian Innovation: A Briefing Paper.” Nesta. https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/participatory-ai-humanitarian-innovation-briefing-paper/.Google Scholar
- Schiff, Daniel, Jason Borenstein, Justin Biddle, and Kelly Laas. 2021. “AI Ethics in the Public, Private, and NGO Sectors: A Review of a Global Document Collection.” IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society 2 (1): 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1109/tts.2021.3052127.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Smogorzewski, Kazimierz. 1938. “Poland's Foreign Relations.” The Slavonic and East European Review 16 (48): 558–71.Google Scholar
- Werner, David, and PROJIMO. 1998. Nothing about Us without Us : Developing Innovative Technologies For, by and with Disabled Persons. Palo Alto, Ca: Healthwrights.Google Scholar
- McDowell, Caesar. 2016. “Design for the Margins.” presented at the TEDx Indiana University, June 9. https://interactioninstitute.org/design-for-the-margins/.Google Scholar
- Kulynych, B., Madras, D., Milli, S., Raji, I. D., Zhou, A., & Zemel, R. 2020. Participatory approaches to machine learning. In International Conference on Machine Learning Workshop.Google Scholar
- Frey, William R., Desmond U. Patton, Michael B. Gaskell, and Kyle A. McGregor. 2018. “Artificial Intelligence and Inclusion: Formerly Gang-Involved Youth as Domain Experts for Analyzing Unstructured Twitter Data.” Social Science Computer Review 38 (1): 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439318788314.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dryzek, John S. 2012. “Global Civil Society: The Progress of Post-Westphalian Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 15 (1): 101–19. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042010-164946.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Rosanvallon, Pierre, and Arthur Goldhammer. 2008. Counter-Democracy: Politics in an Age of Distrust. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Kalm, Sara, Lisa Strömbom, and Anders Uhlin. 2019. “Civil Society Democratising Global Governance? Potentials and Limitations of ‘Counter-Democracy.’” Global Society 33 (4): 499–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2019.1640189.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ackerman, John. 2004. “Co-Governance for Accountability: Beyond ‘Exit’ and ‘Voice.’” World Development 32 (3): 447–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.06.015.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jaeger, Hans-Martin. 2007. “‘Global Civil Society’ and the Political Depoliticization of Global Governance.” International Political Sociology 1 (3): 257–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-5687.2007.00017.x.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Scholte, Jan Aart. 2004. “Civil Society and Democratically Accountable Global Governance.” Government and Opposition 39 (2): 211–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00121.x.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mejias, Ulises Ali. 2020. “To Fight Data Colonialism, We Need a Non-Aligned Tech Movement.” Www.aljazeera.com. September 8, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/9/8/to-fight-data-colonialism-we-need-a-non-aligned-tech-movement.Google Scholar
- Quijano, Aníbal. 2000. “Coloniality of Power and Eurocentrism in Latin America.” International Sociology 15 (2): 215–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580900015002005.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Treré, Emiliano. 2018. “From Digital Activism to Algorithmic Resistance.” In The Routledge Companion to Media and Activism, 367–75. Routeledge.Google Scholar
- Gürses, Seda, Arun Kundnani, and Joris Van Hoboken. 2016. “Crypto and Empire: The Contradictions of Counter-Surveillance Advocacy.” Media, Culture & Society 38 (4): 576–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716643006.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Stallman, Richard. 2002. “On Hacking.” 2002. http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html.Google Scholar
- Edgerton, David. 2007. The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History since 1900. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Smith, Adrian, and Andy Stirling. 2008. “Social-Ecological Resilience and Socio-Technical Transitions: Critical Issues for Sustainability Governance.” STEPS Centre. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/2438/Social-%20ecological%20resilience.....pdf?sequence=1.Google Scholar
- ÓhÉigeartaigh, Seán S., Jess Whittlestone, Yang Liu, Yi Zeng, and Zhe Liu. 2020. “Overcoming Barriers to Cross-Cultural Cooperation in AI Ethics and Governance.” Philosophy & Technology 33 (4): 571–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00402-x.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Chan, Alan, Chinasa T. Okolo, Zachary Terner, and Angelina Wang. 2021. “The Limits of Global Inclusion in AI Development.” ArXiv:2102.01265 [Cs], February. https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.01265.Google Scholar
- Bhambra, Gurminder K., Dalia Gebrial, and Kerem Nişancıoğlu. 2018. Decolonising the university. Pluto Press.Google Scholar
- Maldonado-Torres, Nelson. "On the Coloniality of Being: Contributions to the Development of a Concept." Cultural studies 21, no. 2-3 (2007): 240-270.Google Scholar
- Thatcher, Jim, David O'Sullivan, and Dillon Mahmoudi. 2016. “Data Colonialism through Accumulation by Dispossession: New Metaphors for Daily Data.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 34 (6): 990–1006. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775816633195.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gabriel, Iason. 2020. “Artificial Intelligence, Values, and Alignment.” Minds and Machines 30 (October): 411–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020-09539-2.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Menski, Werner. 2006. Comparative Law In A Global Context: The Legal Systems Of Asia And Africa. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Bughin, Jacques, Jeongmin Seong, James Manyika, Michael Chui, and Raoul Joshi. 2018. “Notes from the AI Frontier: Modeling the Impact of AI on the World Economy.” McKinsey Global Institute.Google Scholar
- Wade, Robert Hunter. 2004. “On the Causes of Increasing World Poverty and Inequality, or Why the Matthew Effect Prevails.” New Political Economy 9 (2): 163–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/1356346042000218050.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Fernández-Villaverde, Jesús, Federico Mandelman, Yang Yu, and Francesco Zanetti. 2021. “The ‘Matthew Effect’ and Market Concentration: Search Complementarities and Monopsony Power.” Papers.ssrn.com. Rochester, NY. February 18, 2021. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3787787.Google Scholar
- Robinson, Cedric J. 1983. Black Marxism : The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. Chapel Hill ; London: University Of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
- Arrighi, Giovanni. 2008. “Historical Perspectives on States, Markets and Capitalism, East and West.” The Asia-Pacific Journal 6 (1).Google Scholar
- Mosco, Vincent, and Janet Wasko. 1988. The Political Economy of Information. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
- Agrawal, Ajay, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb. 2019. “Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction.” National Bureau of Economic Research, February. https://doi.org/10.3386/w25619.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Tugrul Keskin, and Ryan David Kiggins. 2021. Towards an International Political Economy of Artificial Intelligence. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, An Imprint Of Springer Nature Switzerland Ag.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- At the Tensions of South and North: Critical Roles of Global South Stakeholders in AI Governance
Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.
Recommendations
e-governance strategies in Cape Verde and South Africa: from service delivery to e-participation
ICEGOV '07: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Theory and practice of electronic governanceAn assessment of current state of e-Governance in Africa notes that while many initiatives and projects are being implemented throughout Africa, the application of ICT for better governance is not systematic and the impacts are uneven. Thus two cases in ...
South Korean Public Value Coproduction Towards ‘AI for Humanity’: A Synergy of Sociocultural Norms and Multistakeholder Deliberation in Bridging the Design and Implementation of National AI Ethics Guidelines
FAccT '22: Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and TransparencyAs emerging technologies such as Big Data, Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics, and the Internet of Things (IoT) pose fundamental challenges for global and domestic technological governance, the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’ (4IR) comes to the fore ...
Experiences and perceptions of South---South and North---South scientific collaboration of mathematicians, physicists and chemists from five southern African universities
Faced with limited resources, scientists from around the world enter into collaborations to join their resources to conduct research. Like everywhere else, international co-publishing in southern African countries is increasingly on the rise. The aim of ...
Comments