ABSTRACT
Stroke represents a major public health problem in society. The impact of stroke is considerable world-wide. Impaired motor function is one of the common symptoms of stroke, which seriously affects the prognosis and life quality of patients. In recent years, motor function rehabilitation has become a new focus. The activation changes in motor-related brain regions reflect the mechanism of motor function rehabilitation after stroke. It includes the process of the brain regions from abnormal activation to a steady state, and the formation of a compensatory connection network. In this article, we summarize the characteristics of activation and connection changes of brain regions during the recovery of motor function after stroke, which lays an idea for the diagnosis and prognostic analysis of recovery of stroke patients, and further guides the research direction of new treatments.
- Joy, M. T. and Carmichael, S. T. Encouraging an excitable brain state: mechanisms of brain repair in stroke. Nat Rev Neurosci, 22, 1 (Jan 2021), 38-53.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Shimamura, N., Katagai, T., Kakuta, K., Matsuda, N., Katayama, K., Fujiwara, N., Watanabe, Y., Naraoka, M. and Ohkuma, H. Rehabilitation and the Neural Network After Stroke. Transl Stroke Res, 8, 6 (Dec 2017), 507-514.Google Scholar
- Silasi, G. and Murphy, T. H. Stroke and the connectome: how connectivity guides therapeutic intervention. Neuron, 83, 6 (Sep 17 2014), 1354-1368.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Breakspear, M., Terry, J. R. and Friston, K. J. Modulation of excitatory synaptic coupling facilitates synchronization and complex dynamics in a biophysical model of neuronal dynamics. Network, 14, 4 (Nov 2003), 703-732.Google Scholar
- Grefkes, C. and Fink, G. R. Reorganization of cerebral networks after stroke: new insights from neuroimaging with connectivity approaches. Brain, 134, Pt 5 (May 2011), 1264-1276.Google Scholar
- Grefkes, C. and Fink, G. R. Connectivity-based approaches in stroke and recovery of function. Lancet Neurol, 13, 2 (Feb 2014), 206-216.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nomura, E. M., Gratton, C., Visser, R. M., Kayser, A., Perez, F. and D'Esposito, M. Double dissociation of two cognitive control networks in patients with focal brain lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 26 (Jun 29 2010), 12017-12022.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Cassidy, J. M. and Cramer, S. C. Spontaneous and Therapeutic-Induced Mechanisms of Functional Recovery After Stroke. Transl Stroke Res, 8, 1 (Feb 2017), 33-46.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Egawa, N., Lok, J., Washida, K. and Arai, K. Mechanisms of Axonal Damage and Repair after Central Nervous System Injury. Transl Stroke Res, 8, 1 (Feb 2017), 14-21.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Cirillo, C., Brihmat, N., Castel-Lacanal, E., Le Friec, A., Barbieux-Guillot, M., Raposo, N., Pariente, J., Viguier, A., Simonetta-Moreau, M., Albucher, J. F., Olivot, J. M., Desmoulin, F., Marque, P., Chollet, F. and Loubinoux, I. Post-stroke remodeling processes in animal models and humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 40, 1 (Jan 2020), 3-22.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Fisher, M. and Albers, G. W. Advanced imaging to extend the therapeutic time window of acute ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol, 73, 1 (Jan 2013), 4-9.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Leng, T. and Xiong, Z. G. Treatment for ischemic stroke: From thrombolysis to thrombectomy and remaining challenges. Brain Circ, 5, 1 (Jan-Mar 2019), 8-11.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Knecht, S., Rossmuller, J., Unrath, M., Stephan, K. M., Berger, K. and Studer, B. Old benefit as much as young patients with stroke from high-intensity neurorehabilitation: cohort analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 87, 5 (May 2016), 526-530.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Barthels, D. and Das, H. Current advances in ischemic stroke research and therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 1866, 4 (Apr 1 2020), 165260.Google Scholar
- Slujitoru, A. S., Enache, A. L., Pintea, I. L., Rolea, E., Stocheci, C. M., Pop, O. T. and Predescu, A. Clinical and morphological correlations in acute ischemic stroke. Rom J Morphol Embryol, 53, 4 (2012), 917-926.Google Scholar
- Bacigaluppi, M., Russo, G. L., Peruzzotti-Jametti, L., Rossi, S., Sandrone, S., Butti, E., De Ceglia, R., Bergamaschi, A., Motta, C., Gallizioli, M., Studer, V., Colombo, E., Farina, C., Comi, G., Politi, L. S., Muzio, L., Villani, C., Invernizzi, R. W., Hermann, D. M., Centonze, D. and Martino, G. Neural Stem Cell Transplantation Induces Stroke Recovery by Upregulating Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 in Astrocytes. J Neurosci, 36, 41 (Oct 12 2016), 10529-10544.Google Scholar
- Benjamin, E. J., Blaha, M. J., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., Deo, R., de Ferranti, S. D., Floyd, J., Fornage, M., Gillespie, C., Isasi, C. R., Jimenez, M. C., Jordan, L. C., Judd, S. E., Lackland, D., Lichtman, J. H., Lisabeth, L., Liu, S., Longenecker, C. T., Mackey, R. H., Matsushita, K., Mozaffarian, D., Mussolino, M. E., Nasir, K., Neumar, R. W., Palaniappan, L., Pandey, D. K., Thiagarajan, R. R., Reeves, M. J., Ritchey, M., Rodriguez, C. J., Roth, G. A., Rosamond, W. D., Sasson, C., Towfighi, A., Tsao, C. W., Turner, M. B., Virani, S. S., Voeks, J. H., Willey, J. Z., Wilkins, J. T., Wu, J. H., Alger, H. M., Wong, S. S., Muntner, P., American Heart Association Statistics, C. and Stroke Statistics, S. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 135, 10 (Mar 7 2017), e146-e603.Google Scholar
- Vijayan, M. and Reddy, P. H. Stroke, Vascular Dementia, and Alzheimer's Disease: Molecular Links. J Alzheimers Dis, 54, 2 (Sep 6 2016), 427-443.Google Scholar
- Hines, R. M., Davies, P. A., Moss, S. J. and Maguire, J. Functional regulation of GABAA receptors in nervous system pathologies. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 22, 3 (Jun 2012), 552-558.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Wang, Y. C., Dzyubenko, E., Sanchez-Mendoza, E. H., Sardari, M., Silva de Carvalho, T., Doeppner, T. R., Kaltwasser, B., Machado, P., Kleinschnitz, C., Bassetti, C. L. and Hermann, D. M. Postacute Delivery of GABA(A) α5 Antagonist Promotes Postischemic Neurological Recovery and Peri-infarct Brain Remodeling. Stroke, 49, 10 (Oct 2018), 2495-2503.Google Scholar
- Okabe, N., Shiromoto, T., Himi, N., Lu, F., Maruyama-Nakamura, E., Narita, K., Iwachidou, N., Yagita, Y. and Miyamoto, O. Neural network remodeling underlying motor map reorganization induced by rehabilitative training after ischemic stroke. Neuroscience, 339 (Dec 17 2016), 338-362.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gao, F., Wang, S., Guo, Y., Wang, J., Lou, M., Wu, J., Ding, M., Tian, M. and Zhang, H. Protective effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a rat model of transient cerebral ischaemia: a microPET study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 37, 5 (May 2010), 954-961.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Dijkhuizen, R. M., Singhal, A. B., Mandeville, J. B., Wu, O., Halpern, E. F., Finklestein, S. P., Rosen, B. R. and Lo, E. H. Correlation between brain reorganization, ischemic damage, and neurologic status after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci, 23, 2 (Jan 15 2003), 510-517.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Dijkhuizen, R. M., Ren, J., Mandeville, J. B., Wu, O., Ozdag, F. M., Moskowitz, M. A., Rosen, B. R. and Finklestein, S. P. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of reorganization in rat brain after stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 22 (Oct 23 2001), 12766-12771.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Strens, L. H., Asselman, P., Pogosyan, A., Loukas, C., Thompson, A. J. and Brown, P. Corticocortical coupling in chronic stroke: its relevance to recovery. Neurology, 63, 3 (Aug 10 2004), 475-484.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Oh, B. M., Kim, D. Y. and Paik, N. J. Disinhibition in the unaffected hemisphere is related with the cortical involvement of the affected hemisphere. Int J Neurosci, 120, 7 (Jul 2010), 512-515.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Starkey, M. L., Bleul, C., Zörner, B., Lindau, N. T., Mueggler, T., Rudin, M. and Schwab, M. E. Back seat driving: hindlimb corticospinal neurons assume forelimb control following ischaemic stroke. Brain, 135, Pt 11 (Nov 2012), 3265-3281.Google Scholar
- Lindenberg, R., Renga, V., Zhu, L. L., Nair, D. and Schlaug, G. Bihemispheric brain stimulation facilitates motor recovery in chronic stroke patients. Neurology, 75, 24 (Dec 14 2010), 2176-2184.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Talelli, P., Greenwood, R. J. and Rothwell, J. C. Arm function after stroke: neurophysiological correlates and recovery mechanisms assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol, 117, 8 (Aug 2006), 1641-1659.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Volz, L. J., Sarfeld, A. S., Diekhoff, S., Rehme, A. K., Pool, E. M., Eickhoff, S. B., Fink, G. R. and Grefkes, C. Motor cortex excitability and connectivity in chronic stroke: a multimodal model of functional reorganization. Brain Struct Funct, 220, 2 (Mar 2015), 1093-1107.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Julkunen, P., Maatta, S., Saisanen, L., Kallioniemi, E., Kononen, M., Jakala, P., Vanninen, R. and Vaalto, S. Functional and structural cortical characteristics after restricted focal motor cortical infarction evaluated at chronic stage - Indications from a preliminary study. Clin Neurophysiol, 127, 8 (Aug 2016), 2775-2784.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Wang, J. H. Short-term cerebral ischemia causes the dysfunction of interneurons and more excitation of pyramidal neurons in rats. Brain Res Bull, 60, 1-2 (Apr 15 2003), 53-58.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hara, Y. Brain plasticity and rehabilitation in stroke patients. Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi, 82, 1 (2015), 4-13.Google Scholar
- Nowak, D. A., Bosl, K., Podubecka, J. and Carey, J. R. Noninvasive brain stimulation and motor recovery after stroke. Restor Neurol Neurosci, 28, 4 (2010), 531-544.Google Scholar
- Zeiler, S. R. and Krakauer, J. W. The interaction between training and plasticity in the poststroke brain. Current opinion in neurology, 26, 6 (Dec 2013), 609-616.Google Scholar
- Ward, N. S. and Cohen, L. G. Mechanisms underlying recovery of motor function after stroke. Arch Neurol, 61, 12 (Dec 2004), 1844-1848.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Pinto, C. B., Saleh Velez, F. G., Lopes, F., de Toledo Piza, P. V., Dipietro, L., Wang, Q. M., Mazwi, N. L., Camargo, E. C., Black-Schaffer, R. and Fregni, F. SSRI and Motor Recovery in Stroke: Reestablishment of Inhibitory Neural Network Tonus. Frontiers in neuroscience, 11 (2017), 637.Google Scholar
- Park, C. H., Chang, W. H., Ohn, S. H., Kim, S. T., Bang, O. Y., Pascual-Leone, A. and Kim, Y. H. Longitudinal changes of resting-state functional connectivity during motor recovery after stroke. Stroke, 42, 5 (May 2011), 1357-1362.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Crichton, S. L., Bray, B. D., McKevitt, C., Rudd, A. G. and Wolfe, C. D. Patient outcomes up to 15 years after stroke: survival, disability, quality of life, cognition and mental health. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 87, 10 (Oct 2016), 1091-1098.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sato, S., Bergmann, T. O. and Borich, M. R. Opportunities for concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography to characterize cortical activity in stroke. Front Hum Neurosci, 9 (2015), 250.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Weiller, C., Ramsay, S. C., Wise, R. J., Friston, K. J. and Frackowiak, R. S. Individual patterns of functional reorganization in the human cerebral cortex after capsular infarction. Ann Neurol, 33, 2 (Feb 1993), 181-189.Google Scholar
- Cramer, S. C. and Crafton, K. R. Somatotopy and movement representation sites following cortical stroke. Exp Brain Res, 168, 1-2 (Jan 2006), 25-32.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hiscock, A., Miller, S., Rothwell, J., Tallis, R. C. and Pomeroy, V. M. Informing dose-finding studies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to enhance motor function: a qualitative systematic review. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 22, 3 (May-Jun 2008), 228-249.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Klimesch, W. alpha-band oscillations, attention, and controlled access to stored information. Trends Cogn Sci, 16, 12 (Dec 2012), 606-617.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nair, D. G., Hutchinson, S., Fregni, F., Alexander, M., Pascual-Leone, A. and Schlaug, G. Imaging correlates of motor recovery from cerebral infarction and their physiological significance in well-recovered patients. Neuroimage, 34, 1 (Jan 1 2007), 253-263.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Larivière, S., Ward, N. S. and Boudrias, M. H. Disrupted functional network integrity and flexibility after stroke: Relation to motor impairments. NeuroImage. Clinical, 19 (2018), 883-891.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Wang, L., Yu, C., Chen, H., Qin, W., He, Y., Fan, F., Zhang, Y., Wang, M., Li, K., Zang, Y., Woodward, T. S. and Zhu, C. Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network after stroke. Brain, 133, Pt 4 (Apr 2010), 1224-1238.Google Scholar
- Butefisch, C. M., Kleiser, R., Korber, B., Muller, K., Wittsack, H. J., Homberg, V. and Seitz, R. J. Recruitment of contralesional motor cortex in stroke patients with recovery of hand function. Neurology, 64, 6 (Mar 22 2005), 1067-1069.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Takeuchi, N., Tada, T., Chuma, T., Matsuo, Y. and Ikoma, K. Disinhibition of the premotor cortex contributes to a maladaptive change in the affected hand after stroke. Stroke, 38, 5 (May 2007), 1551-1556.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Fujii, Y. and Nakada, T. Cortical reorganization in patients with subcortical hemiparesis: neural mechanisms of functional recovery and prognostic implication. J Neurosurg, 98, 1 (Jan 2003), 64-73.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Saur, D., Lange, R., Baumgaertner, A., Schraknepper, V., Willmes, K., Rijntjes, M. and Weiller, C. Dynamics of language reorganization after stroke. Brain, 129, Pt 6 (Jun 2006), 1371-1384.Google Scholar
- Yeo, B. T., Krienen, F. M., Sepulcre, J., Sabuncu, M. R., Lashkari, D., Hollinshead, M., Roffman, J. L., Smoller, J. W., Zöllei, L., Polimeni, J. R., Fischl, B., Liu, H. and Buckner, R. L. The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. Journal of neurophysiology, 106, 3 (Sep 2011), 1125-1165.Google Scholar
- Dimyan, M. A. and Cohen, L. G. Neuroplasticity in the context of motor rehabilitation after stroke. Nat Rev Neurol, 7, 2 (Feb 2011), 76-85.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Sang, L., Yang, J., Yan, R., Li, P., Wang, J. and Qiu, M. Disrupted structural and functional connectivity networks in ischemic stroke patients. Neuroscience, 364 (Nov 19 2017), 212-225.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Carmichael, S. T. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neural repair after stroke: making waves. Ann Neurol, 59, 5 (May 2006), 735-742.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Carmichael, S. T. Themes and strategies for studying the biology of stroke recovery in the poststroke epoch. Stroke, 39, 4 (Apr 2008), 1380-1388.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Carmichael, S. T. and Chesselet, M. F. Synchronous neuronal activity is a signal for axonal sprouting after cortical lesions in the adult. J Neurosci, 22, 14 (Jul 15 2002), 6062-6070.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Stroemer, R. P., Kent, T. A. and Hulsebosch, C. E. Neocortical neural sprouting, synaptogenesis, and behavioral recovery after neocortical infarction in rats. Stroke, 26, 11 (Nov 1995), 2135-2144.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Leon, S., Yin, Y., Nguyen, J., Irwin, N. and Benowitz, L. I. Lens injury stimulates axon regeneration in the mature rat optic nerve. J Neurosci, 20, 12 (Jun 15 2000), 4615-4626.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Carmichael, S. T., Wei, L., Rovainen, C. M. and Woolsey, T. A. New patterns of intracortical projections after focal cortical stroke. Neurobiology of disease, 8, 5 (Oct 2001), 910-922.Google Scholar
- Schaechter, J. D., Moore, C. I., Connell, B. D., Rosen, B. R. and Dijkhuizen, R. M. Structural and functional plasticity in the somatosensory cortex of chronic stroke patients. Brain, 129, Pt 10 (Oct 2006), 2722-2733.Google Scholar
- Shiromoto, T., Okabe, N., Lu, F., Maruyama-Nakamura, E., Himi, N., Narita, K., Yagita, Y., Kimura, K. and Miyamoto, O. The Role of Endogenous Neurogenesis in Functional Recovery and Motor Map Reorganization Induced by Rehabilitative Therapy after Stroke in Rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 26, 2 (Feb 2017), 260-272.Google Scholar
- Nishibe, M., Urban, E. T., 3rd, Barbay, S. and Nudo, R. J. Rehabilitative training promotes rapid motor recovery but delayed motor map reorganization in a rat cortical ischemic infarct model. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 29, 5 (Jun 2015), 472-482.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Herbert, W. J., Powell, K. and Buford, J. A. Evidence for a role of the reticulospinal system in recovery of skilled reaching after cortical stroke: initial results from a model of ischemic cortical injury. Exp Brain Res, 233, 11 (Nov 2015), 3231-3251.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Tononi, G., Edelman, G. M. and Sporns, O. Complexity and coherency: integrating information in the brain. Trends Cogn Sci, 2, 12 (Dec 1 1998), 474-484.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Carter, A. R., Astafiev, S. V., Lang, C. E., Connor, L. T., Rengachary, J., Strube, M. J., Pope, D. L., Shulman, G. L. and Corbetta, M. Resting interhemispheric functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity predicts performance after stroke. Ann Neurol, 67, 3 (Mar 2010), 365-375.Google Scholar
- Friston, K. J., Frith, C. D., Liddle, P. F., Frackowiak, R. J. J. o. C. B. F. and Metabolism Functional Connectivity: The Principal-Component Analysis of Large (PET) Data Sets, 13, 1 (1993), 5-14.Google Scholar
- Gerloff, C., Bushara, K., Sailer, A., Wassermann, E. M., Chen, R., Matsuoka, T., Waldvogel, D., Wittenberg, G. F., Ishii, K., Cohen, L. G. and Hallett, M. Multimodal imaging of brain reorganization in motor areas of the contralesional hemisphere of well recovered patients after capsular stroke. Brain, 129, Pt 3 (Mar 2006), 791-808.Google Scholar
- Grefkes, C., Nowak, D. A., Eickhoff, S. B., Dafotakis, M., Kust, J., Karbe, H. and Fink, G. R. Cortical connectivity after subcortical stroke assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol, 63, 2 (Feb 2008), 236-246.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Chollet, F., DiPiero, V., Wise, R. J., Brooks, D. J., Dolan, R. J. and Frackowiak, R. S. The functional anatomy of motor recovery after stroke in humans: a study with positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol, 29, 1 (Jan 1991), 63-71.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Brion, J. P., Demeurisse, G. and Capon, A. Evidence of cortical reorganization in hemiparetic patients. Stroke, 20, 8 (Aug 1989), 1079-1084.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Carey, J. R., Kimberley, T. J., Lewis, S. M., Auerbach, E. J., Dorsey, L., Rundquist, P. and Ugurbil, K. Analysis of fMRI and finger tracking training in subjects with chronic stroke. Brain, 125, Pt 4 (Apr 2002), 773-788.Google Scholar
- Platz, T., van Kaick, S., Moller, L., Freund, S., Winter, T. and Kim, I. H. Impairment-oriented training and adaptive motor cortex reorganisation after stroke: a fTMS study. J Neurol, 252, 11 (Nov 2005), 1363-1371.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Koski, L., Mernar, T. J. and Dobkin, B. H. Immediate and long-term changes in corticomotor output in response to rehabilitation: correlation with functional improvements in chronic stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 18, 4 (Dec 2004), 230-249.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Liepert, J., Bauder, H., Wolfgang, H. R., Miltner, W. H., Taub, E. and Weiller, C. Treatment-induced cortical reorganization after stroke in humans. Stroke, 31, 6 (Jun 2000), 1210-1216.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lee, J., Lee, M., Kim, D. S. and Kim, Y. H. Functional reorganization and prediction of motor recovery after a stroke: A graph theoretical analysis of functional networks. Restor Neurol Neurosci, 33, 6 (2015), 785-793.Google Scholar
- Jang, S. H. A review of diffusion tensor imaging studies on motor recovery mechanisms in stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation, 28, 4 (2011), 345-352.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Biernaskie, J., Chernenko, G. and Corbett, D. Efficacy of rehabilitative experience declines with time after focal ischemic brain injury. J Neurosci, 24, 5 (Feb 4 2004), 1245-1254.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Thiel, A. and Vahdat, S. Structural and resting-state brain connectivity of motor networks after stroke. Stroke, 46, 1 (Jan 2015), 296-301.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Byrnes, M. L., Thickbroom, G. W., Phillips, B. A. and Mastaglia, F. L. Long-term changes in motor cortical organisation after recovery from subcortical stroke. Brain Res, 889, 1-2 (Jan 19 2001), 278-287.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Liu, S., Guo, J., Meng, J., Wang, Z., Yao, Y., Yang, J., Qi, H. and Ming, D. Abnormal EEG Complexity and Functional Connectivity of Brain in Patients with Acute Thalamic Ischemic Stroke. Comput Math Methods Med, 2016 (2016), 2582478.Google Scholar
- Liu, G., Dang, C., Chen, X., Xing, S., Dani, K., Xie, C., Peng, K., Zhang, J., Li, J., Zhang, J., Chen, L., Pei, Z. and Zeng, J. Structural remodeling of white matter in the contralesional hemisphere is correlated with early motor recovery in patients with subcortical infarction. Restor Neurol Neurosci, 33, 3 (2015), 309-319.Google Scholar
- Bassett, D. S., Wymbs, N. F., Porter, M. A., Mucha, P. J., Carlson, J. M. and Grafton, S. T. Dynamic reconfiguration of human brain networks during learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108, 18 (May 3 2011), 7641-7646.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Li, W., Li, Y., Zhu, W. and Chen, X. Changes in brain functional network connectivity after stroke. Neural regeneration research, 9, 1 (Jan 1 2014), 51-60.Google Scholar
Recommendations
Gender Effect on Functional Networks in Resting Brain
Medical Imaging and InformaticsPrevious studies have witnessed that complex brain networks have the properties of high global and local efficiency. In this study, we investigated the gender effect on brain functional networks measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)...
Measurement of neuromagnetic fields accompanying movements by patient with acute stroke
The recovery mechanism of stroke patients with motion disorder is becoming clear through observation of changes in the activated area in the brain cortex, using brain function imaging. At the present stage, however, consistent results have not been ...
Graded Visual Attention Modulates Brain Responses Evoked by Task-irrelevant Auditory Pitch Changes
Previous studies suggested that auditory change-specific neural responses are attention-independent and reflect central auditory processing. The automaticity of the brain's response to infrequent changes in pitch within a series of auditory tone pips ...
Comments