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Cyclone-NTT: An NTT/FFT Architecture Using Quasi-Streaming of Large Datasets on DDR- and HBM-based FPGA Platforms

Published: 12 February 2023 Publication History

Abstract

Number-Theoretic-Transform (NTT) is a variation of Fast-Fourier-Transform (FFT) on finite fields. NTT is being increasingly used in blockchain and zero-knowledge proof applications. Although FFT and NTT are widely studied for FPGA implementation, we believe CycloneNTT is the first to solve this problem for large data sets (2^24, 64-bit numbers) that would not fit in the on-chip RAM. CycloneNTT uses a state-of-the-art butterfly network and maps the dataflow to hybrid FIFOs composed of on-chip SRAM and external memory. This manifests into a quasi-streaming data access pattern minimizing external memory access latency and maximizing throughput. We implement two variants of CycloneNTT optimized for DDR and HBM external memories. Although historically this problem has been shown to be memory-bound, CycloneNTT's quasi-streaming access pattern is optimized to the point that when using HBM (Xilinx C1100), the architecture becomes compute-bound. On the DDR-based platform (AWS F1), the latency of the application is equal to the streaming of the entire dataset log(N) times to/from external memory. Moreover, exploiting HBM's larger number of channels, and following a series of additional optimizations, CycloneNTT only requires log(N)/6 passes.

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  • (2024)Accelerating Zero-Knowledge Proofs Through Hardware-Algorithm Co-Design2024 57th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO)10.1109/MICRO61859.2024.00035(366-379)Online publication date: 2-Nov-2024
  • (2024)A Survey on FPGA-based Accelerators for CKKS2024 IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-Asia)10.1109/ITC-Asia62534.2024.10661342(1-6)Online publication date: 18-Aug-2024
  • (2023)BSTMSM: A High-Performance FPGA-based Multi-Scalar Multiplication Hardware Accelerator2023 International Conference on Field Programmable Technology (ICFPT)10.1109/ICFPT59805.2023.00009(35-43)Online publication date: 12-Dec-2023

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  1. Cyclone-NTT: An NTT/FFT Architecture Using Quasi-Streaming of Large Datasets on DDR- and HBM-based FPGA Platforms

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    cover image ACM Conferences
    FPGA '23: Proceedings of the 2023 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays
    February 2023
    283 pages
    ISBN:9781450394178
    DOI:10.1145/3543622
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the Owner/Author.

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    Published: 12 February 2023

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    Author Tags

    1. ntt
    2. zero-knowledge

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    • (2024)Accelerating Zero-Knowledge Proofs Through Hardware-Algorithm Co-Design2024 57th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO)10.1109/MICRO61859.2024.00035(366-379)Online publication date: 2-Nov-2024
    • (2024)A Survey on FPGA-based Accelerators for CKKS2024 IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-Asia)10.1109/ITC-Asia62534.2024.10661342(1-6)Online publication date: 18-Aug-2024
    • (2023)BSTMSM: A High-Performance FPGA-based Multi-Scalar Multiplication Hardware Accelerator2023 International Conference on Field Programmable Technology (ICFPT)10.1109/ICFPT59805.2023.00009(35-43)Online publication date: 12-Dec-2023

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