Kay Erik Jenss
ABSTRACT
Due to their low cost and ease of deployment, fiducial markers – primarily Quick Response (QR) codes – gained widespread popularity over the past decade. Given their original use cases in logistics, these markers were created with the goal of transmitting a single static payload. We introduce QRUco as an approach to create cheap yet interactive fiducial markers. QRUco uses thermochromic paint to embed three secondary markers into QR code finder patterns. Users may interact with these markers through rubbing or pressing/touching, thereby changing the appearance of the marker while leaving the primary QR code intact. In this paper, we present the QRUco concept and demonstrate that our proposed approach is effective. We emphasize that QRUco markers can be created cheaply and that they do not require any specialized scanning equipment. We furthermore discuss limitations of the proposed approach and propose application domains that would benefit from QRUco.
Footnotes
Supplemental Material
- Adrian Dabrowski, Isao Echizen, and Edgar R. Weippl. 2015. Error-Correcting Codes as Source for Decoding Ambiguity. In 2015 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops. 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1109/SPW.2015.28Google Scholar
Digital Library
- S. Garrido-Jurado, R. Muñoz Salinas, F.J. Madrid-Cuevas, and M.J. Marín-Jiménez. 2014. Automatic Generation and Detection of Highly Reliable Fiducial Markers under Occlusion. Pattern Recognition 47, 6 (2014), 2280–2292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2014.01.005Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dominique Guinard, Joel Vogt, Niall Murphy, Iker Larizgoitia Abad, and Shmuel Silverman. 2021. Dynamic Product Tag Based on an Environmental Condition. US Patent 11,068,761.Google Scholar
- ISO/IEC 18004:2015 2015. Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – QR Code bar code symbology specification. Standard. International Organization for Standardization.Google Scholar
- Donny Jacob Ohana and Narasimha Shashidhar. 2013. QR Code Steganography. In Proceedings of The 2012 World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Applied Computing.Google Scholar
- Cassandra Scheirer and Chris Harrison. 2022. DynaTags: Low-Cost Fiducial Marker Mechanisms(ICMI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3536221.3556591Google ScholarDigital Library
- Arno Seeboth, Detlef Lotzsch, Ralf Ruhmann, and Olaf Muehling. 2014. Thermochromic Polymers – Function by Design. Chemical Reviews 114, 5 (2014), 3037–3068.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- QRUco: Interactive QR Codes Through Thermoresponsive Embeddings
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