skip to main content
10.1145/3546155.3546704acmotherconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesnordichiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Real-World Methods of Autobiographical Recall in Virtual Reality

Authors Info & Claims
Published:08 October 2022Publication History

ABSTRACT

Autobiographical Recall (ABR) is a method for eliciting emotions by recalling past personal events (e.g., recalling happy memories to induce happiness). ABR could have many uses in virtual reality (VR), ranging from virtual therapy to training and research. However, we currently do not know how users experience different implementations of ABR in VR, and how effective they are relative to each other. Hence, we investigate how well real-world ABR methods work in VR. We conducted a user study (N=17) where participants evoked emotions using four ABR methods: thinking quietly, writing/drawing, talking to a virtual avatar, and talking to an avatar connected to another person. Our results show that 1) all methods of ABR were equally successful in inducing changes in emotion, and 2) the users’ experiences with the different methods varied, yet, methods in which events are recalled in private were generally deemed most comfortable (writing/drawing, thinking quietly).

Skip Supplemental Material Section

Supplemental Material

abr_vr_video_figure.mp4

mp4

49.8 MB

References

  1. [n.d.]. Word frequency data. https://www.wordfrequency.info/Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. Richard W. Backs, Sergio P. da Silva, and Kyunghee Han. 2005. A Comparison of Younger and Older Adults’ Self-Assessment Manikin Ratings of Affective Pictures. Experimental Aging Research 31, 4 (2005), 421–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610730500206808 Place: United Kingdom Publisher: Taylor & Francis.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  3. Richard C. Baker and Daniel O. Guttfreund. 1993. The effects of written autobiographical recollection induction procedures on mood. Journal of Clinical Psychology 49, 4 (1993), 563–568. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199307)49:4<563::AID-JCLP2270490414>3.0.CO;2-W _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1097-4679%28199307%2949%3A4%3C563%3A%3AAID-JCLP2270490414%3E3.0.CO%3B2-W.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  4. Roy F. Baumeister, Ellen Bratslavsky, Catrin Finkenauer, and Kathleen D. Vohs. 2001. Bad Is Stronger Than Good. Review of General Psychology 5, 4 (2001), 323–370.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  5. Rosa María Baños, Víctor Liaño, Cristina Botella, Mariano Alcañiz, Belén Guerrero, and Beatriz Rey. 2006. Changing Induced Moods Via Virtual Reality. In Persuasive Technology(Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn, Yvonne A. W. de Kort, Cees Midden, Berry Eggen, and Elise van den Hoven (Eds.). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/11755494_3Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  6. Margaret M. Bradley and Peter J. Lang. 1994. Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 25, 1 (March 1994), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  7. Holly P. Branigan, Martin J. Pickering, Jamie Pearson, and Janet F. McLean. 2010. Linguistic alignment between people and computers. Journal of Pragmatics 42, 9 (Sept. 2010), 2355–2368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.12.012Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  8. Michael Braun, Simon Weiser, Bastian Pfleging, and Florian Alt. 2018. A Comparison of Emotion Elicitation Methods for Affective Driving Studies. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. ACM, Toronto ON Canada, 77–81. https://doi.org/10.1145/3239092.3265945Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. Deanna Brewer, Eugene B. Doughtie, and Bernard Lubin. 1980. Induction of mood and mood shift. Journal of Clinical Psychology 36, 1 (1980), 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198001)36:1<215::AID-JCLP2270360127>3.0.CO;2-6 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1097-4679%28198001%2936%3A1%3C215%3A%3AAID-JCLP2270360127%3E3.0.CO%3B2-6.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  10. Sven Buechel and Udo Hahn. 2017. EmoBank: Studying the Impact of Annotation Perspective and Representation Format on Dimensional Emotion Analysis. In Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 2, Short Papers. Association for Computational Linguistics, Valencia, Spain, 578–585. https://aclanthology.org/E17-2092Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  11. Veena Chattaraman, Wi-Suk Kwon, and Juan E. Gilbert. 2012. Virtual agents in retail web sites: Benefits of simulated social interaction for older users. Computers in Human Behavior 28, 6 (Nov. 2012), 2055–2066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.009Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. Alice Chirico, Pietro Cipresso, and Andrea Gaggioli. 2018. Psychophysiological specificity of four basic emotions through autobiographical recall and videos. In International Symposium on Pervasive Computing Paradigms for Mental Health. Springer, 1–8.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  13. Julia Diemer, Georg W. Alpers, Henrik M. Peperkorn, Youssef Shiban, and Andreas Mühlberger. 2015. The impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: a review of research in virtual reality. Frontiers in Psychology 6 (2015), 26. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00026Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  14. Pedro Diniz Bernardo, Amrita Bains, Sophia Westwood, and Daniel C. Mograbi. 2020. Mood Induction Using Virtual Reality: a Systematic Review of Recent Findings. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science (Aug. 2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-020-00152-9Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. Shichuan Du and Aleix M. Martinez. 2015. Compound facial expressions of emotion: from basic research to clinical applications. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 17, 4 (Dec. 2015), 443–455.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  16. Paul Ekman, E. Richard Sorenson, and Wallace V. Friesen. 1969. Pan-Cultural Elements in Facial Displays of Emotion. Science (April 1969). https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.164.3875.86 Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. Javier Fernandez-Alvarez, Desirée Colombo, Carlos Suso-Ribera, Alice Chirico, Silvia Serino, Daniele Di Lernia, Azucena García Palacios, Giuseppe Riva, and Cristina Botella. 2021. Using virtual reality to target positive autobiographical memory in individuals with moderate-to-moderately severe depressive symptoms: A single case experimental design. Internet Interventions(2021), 100407. Publisher: Elsevier.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. T. Lee Gilman, Razan Shaheen, K. Maria Nylocks, Danielle Halachoff, Jessica Chapman, Jessica J. Flynn, Lindsey M. Matt, and Karin G. Coifman. 2017. A film set for the elicitation of emotion in research: A comprehensive catalog derived from four decades of investigation. (2017).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  19. Mar Gonzalez-Franco, Eyal Ofek, Ye Pan, Angus Antley, Anthony Steed, Bernhard Spanlang, Antonella Maselli, Domna Banakou, Nuria Pelechano, Sergio Orts-Escolano, Veronica Orvalho, Laura Trutoiu, Markus Wojcik, Maria V. Sanchez-Vives, Jeremy Bailenson, Mel Slater, and Jaron Lanier. 2020. The Rocketbox Library and the Utility of Freely Available Rigged Avatars. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2020.561558 Publisher: Frontiers.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  20. Samuel D Gosling, Peter J Rentfrow, and William B Swann. 2003. A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality 37, 6 (Dec. 2003), 504–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  21. James J. Gross and Robert W. Levenson. 1995. Emotion elicitation using films. Cognition & emotion 9, 1 (1995), 87–108. Publisher: Taylor & Francis.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  22. Eddie Harmon-Jones, David Amodio, and Leah Zinner. 2007. Social Psychological Methods of Emotion Elicitation. Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment (Jan. 2007).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. Kai Holländer, Ashley Colley, Christian Mai, Jonna Häkkilä, Florian Alt, and Bastian Pfleging. 2019. Investigating the Influence of External Car Displays on Pedestrians’ Crossing Behavior in Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services. ACM, Taipei Taiwan, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1145/3338286.3340138Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  24. Carroll E. Izard. 2010. The many meanings/aspects of emotion: Definitions, functions, activation, and regulation. Emotion Review 2, 4 (2010), 363–370. Publisher: Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  25. Christophe Jallais and Anne-Laure Gilet. 2010. Inducing changes in arousal and valence: Comparison of two mood induction procedures. Behavior research methods 42, 1 (2010), 318–325. Publisher: Springer.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  26. Vladimir J. Konečni, Amber Brown, and Rebekah A. Wanic. 2008. Comparative effects of music and recalled life-events on emotional state. Psychology of Music 36, 3 (July 2008), 289–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735607082621Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  27. Magda Kowalska and Monika Wróbel. 2017. Basic Emotions. In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, Virgil Zeigler-Hill and Todd K. Shackelford (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_495-1Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  28. Peter J. Lang, Margaret M. Bradley, and Bruce N. Cuthbert. 1997. International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention 1 (1997), 39–58. Publisher: Gainesville, FL.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  29. Robert W. Levenson. 2011. Basic Emotion Questions. Emotion Review 3, 4 (Oct. 2011), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911410743 Publisher: SAGE Publications.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  30. Manuela Macedonia, Iris Groher, and Friedrich Roithmayr. 2014. Intelligent virtual agents as language trainers facilitate multilingualism. Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2014), 295. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00295Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  31. C. Mills and S. D’Mello. 2014. On the Validity of the Autobiographical Emotional Memory Task for Emotion Induction. PLoS ONE 9, 4 (2014), e95837.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  32. Catherine Monnier, Arielle Syssau, Nathalie Blanc, and Claire Brechet. 2018. Assessing the effectiveness of drawing an autobiographical memory as a mood induction procedure in children. The Journal of Positive Psychology 13, 2 (2018), 174–180. Publisher: Taylor & Francis.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  33. Ville Mäkelä, Rivu Radiah, Saleh Alsherif, Mohamed Khamis, Chong Xiao, Lisa Borchert, Albrecht Schmidt, and Florian Alt. 2020. Virtual Field Studies: Conducting Studies on Public Displays in Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Honolulu HI USA, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376796Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  34. Brian Parkinson and Antony S. R. Manstead. 2015. Current Emotion Research in Social Psychology: Thinking About Emotions and Other People. Emotion Review 7, 4 (Oct. 2015), 371–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073915590624 Publisher: SAGE Publications.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  35. James W. Pennebaker and Cindy K. Chung. 2007. Expressive writing, emotional upheavals, and health.(2007). Publisher: Oxford University Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  36. Rosalind W. Picard. 2010. Emotion Research by the People, for the People. Emotion Review 2, 3 (July 2010), 250–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910364256Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  37. Mark B. Powers and Paul M. G. Emmelkamp. 2008. Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 22, 3 (2008), 561–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.006 Place: Netherlands Publisher: Elsevier Science.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  38. Rebecca D. Ray and James J. Gross. 2007. Emotion elicitation using films. Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment 9 (2007). Publisher: Oxford University Press London, UK.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  39. Greg M. Reger, Derek Smolenski, Aaron Norr, Andrea Katz, Benjamin Buck, and Barbara O. Rothbaum. 2019. Does virtual reality increase emotional engagement during exposure for PTSD? Subjective distress during prolonged and virtual reality exposure therapy. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 61 (2019), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.06.001 Place: Netherlands Publisher: Elsevier Science.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  40. Radiah Rivu, Ruoyu Jiang, Ville Mäkelä, Mariam Hassib, and Florian Alt. 2021. Emotion Elicitation Techniques in Virtual Reality. In Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2021, Carmelo Ardito, Rosa Lanzilotti, Alessio Malizia, Helen Petrie, Antonio Piccinno, Giuseppe Desolda, and Kori Inkpen (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 93–114.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  41. Barbara Olasov Rothbaum, Larry Hodges, and Rob Kooper. 1997. Virtual reality exposure therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice & Research 6, 3 (1997), 219–226. Place: US Publisher: American Psychiatric Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  42. James Russell and Albert Mehrabian. 1977. Evidence for a Three-Factor Theory of Emotions. Journal of Research in Personality 11 (Sept. 1977), 273–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(77)90037-XGoogle ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  43. James A. Russell. 1980. A circumplex model of affect.Journal of personality and social psychology 39, 6(1980), 1161. Publisher: American Psychological Association.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  44. Andrea C. Samson, Sylvia D. Kreibig, Blake Soderstrom, A. Ayanna Wade, and James J. Gross. 2016. Eliciting positive, negative and mixed emotional states: A film library for affective scientists. Cognition and Emotion 30, 5 (July 2016), 827–856. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1031089Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  45. Ewa Siedlecka and Thomas F. Denson. 2018. Experimental Methods for Inducing Basic Emotions: A Qualitative Review. Emotion Review 1(2018), 11.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  46. Ana Soares, Ana Pinheiro, Ana Costa, Sofia Frade, Montserrat Comesaña, and Rita Pureza. 2013. Affective auditory stimuli: Adaptation of the International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS-2) for European Portuguese. Behavior research methods 45 (March 2013). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0310-1Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  47. Sahinya Susindar, Mahnoosh Sadeghi, Lea Huntington, Andrew Singer, and Thomas K. Ferris. 2019. The Feeling is Real: Emotion Elicitation in Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 63. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, 252–256. Issue: 1.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  48. Myrthe L. Tielman, Mark A. Neerincx, Rafael Bidarra, Ben Kybartas, and Willem-Paul Brinkman. 2017. A Therapy System for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Using a Virtual Agent and Virtual Storytelling to Reconstruct Traumatic Memories. Journal of Medical Systems 41, 8 (Aug. 2017), 125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-017-0771-yGoogle ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  49. Meike K. Uhrig, Nadine Trautmann, Ulf Baumgärtner, Rolf-Detlef Treede, Florian Henrich, Wolfgang Hiller, and Susanne Marschall. [n.d.]. Emotion Elicitation: A Comparison of Pictures and Films. ([n. d.]).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  50. Tugba Uzer, Peter J. Lee, and Norman R. Brown. 2012. On the prevalence of directly retrieved autobiographical memories.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 38, 5(2012), 1296–1308. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028142Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  51. Emmett Velten. 1968. A laboratory task for induction of mood states. Behaviour Research and Therapy 6, 4 (Nov. 1968), 473–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(68)90028-4Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  52. Daniel Västfjäll. 2001. Emotion induction through music: A review of the musical mood induction procedure. Musicae Scientiae Spec Issue, 2001-2002 (2001), 173–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649020050S107 Place: Belgium Publisher: European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  53. Thomas Waltemate, Dominik Gall, Daniel Roth, Mario Botsch, and Marc Erich Latoschik. 2018. The Impact of Avatar Personalization and Immersion on Virtual Body Ownership, Presence, and Emotional Response. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 24, 4 (April 2018), 1643–1652. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2018.2794629 Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  54. Hans-Heinrich Wängler. 1963. Rangwörterbuch hochdeutscher Umgangssprache. NG Elwert.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  55. Blair E. Wisco and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. 2009. The interaction of mood and rumination in depression: Effects on mood maintenance and mood-congruent autobiographical memory. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 27, 3(2009), 144–159. Publisher: Springer.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  56. Sze Ngar Vanessa Yuan and Horace Ho Shing Ip. 2018. Using virtual reality to train emotional and social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder. London Journal of Primary Care 10, 4 (June 2018), 110–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/17571472.2018.1483000Google ScholarGoogle Scholar

Index Terms

  1. Real-World Methods of Autobiographical Recall in Virtual Reality

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Login options

      Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

      Sign in
      • Published in

        cover image ACM Other conferences
        NordiCHI '22: Nordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference
        October 2022
        1091 pages
        ISBN:9781450396998
        DOI:10.1145/3546155

        Copyright © 2022 ACM

        Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

        Publisher

        Association for Computing Machinery

        New York, NY, United States

        Publication History

        • Published: 8 October 2022

        Permissions

        Request permissions about this article.

        Request Permissions

        Check for updates

        Qualifiers

        • research-article
        • Research
        • Refereed limited

        Acceptance Rates

        Overall Acceptance Rate379of1,572submissions,24%

      PDF Format

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      HTML Format

      View this article in HTML Format .

      View HTML Format