skip to main content
10.1145/3550356.3561558acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesmodelsConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Enhancing the realism of autonomous driving simulation with real-time co-simulation

Published: 09 November 2022 Publication History

Abstract

Autonomous driving simulators are commonly used to develop autonomous driving systems (ADS) since they provide the flexibility to experiment with scenarios that could even be dangerous in a real setting. This flexibility, however, comes with the possibility of experimenting with unrealistic scenarios. To this end, we present an initial co-simulation framework integrating OpenModelica and CARLA to enable real-time communication between them. As a proof of concept, we experimented with two Modelica models (air resistance and energy consumption). We connected the two models with CARLA to enable real-time communication between them to ensure the realism of scenarios in addition to connecting CARLA with OpenWeather through its API to access real weather conditions. We conducted experiments with a specific virtual electric vehicle (Tesla Model 3) running on the Town06 map in CARLA. Results provide preliminary evidence that co-simulation with Modelica models improved the realism of the virtual vehicle in CARLA.

References

[1]
Massimo Ceraolo. 2017. Simplified Modelling of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles. http://omwebbook.openmodelica.org/SMEHV
[2]
H. Cui, C. Quan, Q. Xing, and W. Hu. 2016. Electric vehicle differential system based on co-simulation of Carsim/Simulink. In 2016 IEEE 11th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA).
[3]
M. Dempsey. 2007. Dymola for Multi-Engineering Modelling and Simulation. In IEEE Vehicle Power & Propulsion Conference.
[4]
Andreas Deuring, Johannes Gerl, and Harald Wilhelm. 2011. Multi-Domain Vehicle Dynamics Simulation in Dymola. In International Modelica Conference.
[5]
Alexey Dosovitskiy, German Ros, Felipe Codevilla, Antonio Lopez, and Vladlen Koltun. 2017. CARLA: An open urban driving simulator. In Conference on robot learning. PMLR, 1--16.
[6]
H. Elmqvist, S. E. Mattsson, and M. Otter. 1999. Modelica-a language for physical system modeling, visualization and interaction. In IEEE International Symposium on Computer Aided Control System Design.
[7]
Nikolaos Fotias, Ran Bao, Hui Niu, Michael Tiller, Paul McGahan, and Adam Ingleby. 2021. A Modelica Library for Modelling of Electrified Powertrain Digital Twins. In Modelica Conferences. 249--261.
[8]
P. Fritzson, P. Aronsson, A. Pop, H. Lundvall, and A. Sandholm. 2006. OpenModelica - A free open-source environment for system modeling, simulation, and teaching. In IEEE International Symposium on IEEE Conference on Computer Aided Control System Design, IEEE International Conference on Control Applications.
[9]
P. Fritzson and P. Bunus. 2002. Modelica - a general object-oriented language for continuous and discrete-event system modeling and simulation. In ANNUAL SIMULATION SYMPOSIUM.
[10]
Cláudio Gomes, Casper Thule, David Broman, Peter Gorm Larsen, and Hans Vangheluwe. 2017. Co-simulation: State of the art. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.00686 (2017).
[11]
Cláudio Gomes, Casper Thule, David Broman, Peter Gorm Larsen, and Hans Vangheluwe. 2018. Co-simulation: a survey. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 51, 3 (2018), 1--33.
[12]
Yutaka Hirano, Shintaro Inoue, and Junya Ota. 2014. Model-based Development of Future Small EVs using Modelica. In International Modelica Conference.
[13]
J Hřebíček and Martin Rezac. 2008. Modelling With Maple And MapleSim. (2008).
[14]
P. Kaur, S. Taghavi, Z. Tian, and W. Shi. 2021. A Survey on Simulators for Testing Self-Driving Cars.
[15]
Jochen Köhler, Michael Kübler, and Julian King. 2014. Transmission Modeling in Modelica: A consistent approach for several software development platforms. In Proceedings of the 10 th International Modelica Conference; March 10-12; 2014; Lund; Sweden. Linköping University Electronic Press, 259--264.
[16]
Y. Li, H. Deng, X. Xu, and W. Wang. 2019. Modelling and testing of in-wheel motor drive intelligent electric vehicles based on co-simulation with Carsim/Simulink. IET Intelligent Transport Systems 13, 1 (2019), 115--123.
[17]
Viktor Lizenberg, Mhd Redwan Alkurdi, Ulrich Eberle, and Frank Köster. 2021. Intelligent Co-Simulation Framework for Cooperative Driving Functions. In 2021 IEEE 17th International Conference on Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing (ICCP). IEEE, 109--115.
[18]
Henry B Mann and Donald R Whitney. 1947. On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. The annals of mathematical statistics (1947), 50--60.
[19]
Demin Nalic, Arno Eichberger, Georg Hanzl, Martin Fellendorf, and Branko Rogic. 2019. Development of a Co-Simulation Framework for Systematic Generation of Scenarios for Testing and Validation of Automated Driving Systems. In 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC). 1895--1901.
[20]
U. Objectoriented, P. Fritzson, and V. Engelson. 1998. Modelica --- A unified object-oriented language for system modeling and simulation. In European Conference on Object-oriented Programming.
[21]
Guodong Rong, Byung Hyun Shin, Hadi Tabatabaee, Qiang Lu, Steve Lemke, Mārtiņš Možeiko, Eric Boise, Geehoon Uhm, Mark Gerow, Shalin Mehta, et al. 2020. Lgsvl simulator: A high fidelity simulator for autonomous driving. In 2020 IEEE 23rd International conference on intelligent transportation systems (ITSC). IEEE, 1--6.
[22]
Nikolas Schrder, Oliver Lenord, and Ralph Lange. 2019. Enhanced Motion Control of a Self-Driving Vehicle Using Modelica, FMI and ROS. In Proceedings of the 13th International Modelica Conference, Regensburg, Germany, March 4-6, 2019.
[23]
G. Schweiger, C. Gomes, G. Engel, I Hafner, J. Schoeggl, A. Posch, and T. Nouidui. 2019. An empirical survey on co-simulation: Promising standards, challenges and research needs. Simulation modelling practice and theory: International journal of the Federation of European Simulation Societies 95 (1 2019), 148--163.
[24]
G. Schweiger, Per Ola Larsson, F. Magnusson, P. Lauenburg, and S. Velut. 2017. District heating and cooling systems - Framework for Modelica-based simulation and dynamic optimization. Energy 137, oct.15 (2017), 566--578.
[25]
Øyvind Soma. 2021. Prototyping Connection Between Digital Twin and Physical Twin for Autonomous Driving to Support Experimentation. Master's thesis.
[26]
Masahiro Yamaura, Nikos Arechiga, Shinichi Shiraishi, Scott Eisele, and Theodore Bapty. 2016. ADAS Virtual Prototyping using Modelica and Unity Co-simulation via OpenMETA. In Deployment of High-fidelity Vehicle Models for Accurate Real-time Simulation.
[27]
C. Yan, J. Shuang, X. J. Zou, D. F. Xu, and W. L. Cai. 2009. Study of Modeling and Simulating for Picking Manipulator Based on Modelica. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009).

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)A survey of autonomous driving frameworks and simulatorsAdvanced Engineering Informatics10.1016/j.aei.2024.10285062(102850)Online publication date: Oct-2024
  • (2024)Foundation Models for the Digital Twins Creation of Cyber-Physical SystemsLeveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation. Application Areas10.1007/978-3-031-75390-9_2(9-26)Online publication date: 27-Oct-2024
  • (2023)DeepScenario: An Open Driving Scenario Dataset for Autonomous Driving System Testing2023 IEEE/ACM 20th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)10.1109/MSR59073.2023.00020(52-56)Online publication date: May-2023
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences
MODELS '22: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings
October 2022
1003 pages
ISBN:9781450394673
DOI:10.1145/3550356
  • Conference Chairs:
  • Thomas Kühn,
  • Vasco Sousa
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

In-Cooperation

  • Univ. of Montreal: University of Montreal
  • IEEE CS

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 09 November 2022

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. autonomous vehicles
  2. multi-paradigm modeling
  3. real-time co-simulation

Qualifiers

  • Research-article

Funding Sources

  • Co-evolver project
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China
  • Co-tester project

Conference

MODELS '22
Sponsor:

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 144 of 506 submissions, 28%

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)53
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)5
Reflects downloads up to 25 Feb 2025

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)A survey of autonomous driving frameworks and simulatorsAdvanced Engineering Informatics10.1016/j.aei.2024.10285062(102850)Online publication date: Oct-2024
  • (2024)Foundation Models for the Digital Twins Creation of Cyber-Physical SystemsLeveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation. Application Areas10.1007/978-3-031-75390-9_2(9-26)Online publication date: 27-Oct-2024
  • (2023)DeepScenario: An Open Driving Scenario Dataset for Autonomous Driving System Testing2023 IEEE/ACM 20th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)10.1109/MSR59073.2023.00020(52-56)Online publication date: May-2023
  • (2023)Simplexity testbedComputers in Industry10.1016/j.compind.2022.103804145:COnline publication date: 1-Feb-2023

View Options

Login options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media