research-article

Problem-Based Effectual Action fuels Digital Mindsets

Authors:

Imke BöseAuthors Info & Claims

EuroPLop '22: Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs

Article No.: 17, Pages 1 - 12

https://doi.org/10.1145/3551902.3551979

Published: 07 February 2023 Publication History

Abstract

Organizations stand at different stages on their inevitable digital transformation journey. All must keep up with the speed of emerging technologies infiltrating office and factory floors. But often it remains a matter of chance whether employees develop the required digital mindsets to make valuable use of digital opportunities. This paper summarizes pattern how to grow digital mindsets within the conditions and constraints of medium to large enterprises. The pattern stem from a digital upskilling curriculum that runs at PricewaterhouseCoopers since 2018. Employees applying for this program are encouraged to develop and cultivate digital competences by resolving problems from their working domain with a special focus to leverage digital means. The authors learned that existing digital trainings were insufficient to most people in making best use of digital tools in a digitized world. To address this matter, they borrowed ideas from two distinct theoretical approaches and created a pedagogical framework called Problem-Based Effectual Action (PBEA). It is a superimposition of research from two different realms, namely innovation processes (Double Diamond) and entrepreneurship (Effectuation Theory). The Double Diamond focuses on the importance of separating problem analysis from solution building. Effectuation Theory adds ideas on how to proceed in organizational environments that restrict the development of forward innovative ideas.

After outlining the need for such a framework, the authors present seven pattern that emerged from best practices anchored in matching those theories for the purpose at hand. The greater goal behind their efforts is to create a future-prove digital empowerment program which helps individuals in and beyond organizational settings “to beat their own paths through the digital jungle”.

References

[1]

G. Satell, A. Kates and T. McLees, "4 Principles to Guide Your Digital Transformation," Harvard Business Review, 30 November 2021.

[2]

Accenture, "Make the leap, take the lead," Accenture, 2021.

[3]

A. Wright, D. Gherson, J. Bersin and J. Mertens, "Accelerating the journey to HR 3.0," IBM Institute of Business Value, 2020.

[4]

R. Batko and K. Baliga-Nicholson, "Digital Innovation as the Key Factor in Changing Organizational Identity into a Dgital Organizational Identity," Problemy Zarzadzania, vol. 84, pp. 39-51, 2019.

[5]

G. Morgan, Images of Organization, SAGE Publications, 2006, p. 520.

[6]

C. B. Frey and M. A. Osborne, "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerization?," University of Oxford, 2013.

[7]

H. Bonin, T. Gregory and U. Zierhahn, "Übertragung der Studie von Frey/Osborne (2013) auf Deutschland," Mannheim, 2015.

[8]

B. Frankiewicz and T. Chamorro-Premuzic, "Digital Transformation Is About Talent, Not Technology," Harvard Business Review, 2020.

[9]

Deloitte, "Digital Maturity Index," Deloitte, 2019.

[10]

statistas, "Average spend on learning and development per employee worldwide 2008-2019," statista, 2022.

[11]

24x7 Learning, "Report on Workplace Learning Released by 24x7 Learning Inc.," 24x7 Learning, 2015.

[12]

M. Baker, "Motivate Employees to Reskill for the Digital Age," Gartner Group, 2019.

[13]

"Disconnected? Exploring the Digital Skills Gap," WorkSkills UK, London, UK, 2021.

[14]

S. Arbesman, The Half-Life of Facts, Current, 2013, p. 256.

[15]

S. Wilde, A. Smith and S. Clark, "Organizations Need a Dynamics Approach to Teaching People New Skills," Harvad Business Review, 26 11 2021.

[16]

T. Hoefling, "The Digital Revolution Means the End of Training as We Know it," www.trainingindustry.com, 12 July 2017.

[17]

D. P. Ausubel, The Acquisition and Retention of Knowledge: A Cognitive View, Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer Netherlands, 2000.

[18]

Hasa, "What is the Difference Between Reskilling and Upskilling," PEDIAA, 20 June 2021.

[19]

B. Müller, S. Diefenbach, L. Dobusch and K. Baer, "From Becoming to Being Digital," 2021.

[20]

R. Barnett, "University Knowledge in an Age of Supercomplexity," Higher Education, December 2000.

[21]

F. Immler, The Swiss Army Knife Book: 63 Outdoor Projects, London: Frances Lincoln, 2017.

[22]

Gartner Group, "Gartner Says Only 20 Percent of Employees Have The Skills Needed For Both Their Current Role And Their Future Career," Gartner Group, London, 2018.

[23]

N. N. Taleb, The Black Swan, Penguin Books, 2008.

[24]

P. N. Friga and E. M. Raisel, The McKinsey Mind, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education, 2001.

[25]

World Economic Forum, "These are the top 10 job skills of tomorrow – and how long it takes to learn them," WEF, 2020.

[26]

World Economic Forum, "Building a Common Language for Skills at Work," 2021.

[27]

A. Becker, S. Pasquini and A. Zentner, "2017 Digital Literacy Impact Study: An NMC Horizon Project Strategic Brief," The New Media Consortium, Austin, TX, 2017.

[28]

European Commission, "The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens," Brussels, 2017.

[29]

M. Dondi, J. Klier, F. Panier and J. Schubert, "Defining the skills citizens will need in the future world of work," McKinsey & Company, 2021.

[30]

J. Bughin, E. Hazan, S. Lund, P. Dahlström, A. Wiesinger and A. Subramaniam, "Skills Shift Automation and the Future of the Workforce," McKinsey Global Institute, 2018.

[31]

J. Bleicher and H. Stanley, "Digitization as a Catalyst for Business Model Innovation," Journal of Business Management, vol. 2, no. 2, July-December 2019.

[32]

E. Morozov, To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism, New York, NY: PublicAffairs, 2013.

[33]

McKinsey, "Why do most transformations fail? A conversation with Harrry Robinson," 10 July 2019.

[34]

R. Sollow, "We'd Better Watch Out," New York Times Book Review, p. 36, 12 July 1987.

[35]

J. E. Triplett, "The Sollow Producitivity Paradox: What do Computer do for Productivity?," Brookings Institution, 1998.

[36]

N. G. Carr, "IT Doesn't Matter," Harvard Business Review, May 2003.

[37]

D. J. Wilkinson, The Ambiguity Advantage: What Leaders are Great at, Palgrave Macmillian, 2006, p. 224.

[38]

A. Newell, J. C. Shaw and H. Simon, "Report on a General Problem Solver Program," 1959.

[39]

World Economic Forum, "New Vision for Education. Unlocking the Potential of Technology," WEF, Cologny/Geneva, Switzerland, 2015.

[40]

S. M. Stehle and E. E. Peters-Burton, "Developing student 21st Century skills in selected exemplary inclusive STEM high schools," International Journal of STEM Education, vol. 6, no. 39, 2019.

[41]

Cognizant, "21 HR Jobs of the Future," Cognizant Center for the Future of Work, Teaneck, NJ, 2020.

[42]

G. O'Grady, E. H. J. Yew and K. P. L. S. H. G. Goh, One-Day, One-Problem. An Approach to Problem-based Learning, Singapore: Springer, 2012.

[43]

J. R. Savery, "Overview of Problem-based Learning: Definitions and Distinctions," Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, vol. 1, no. 1, 2006.

[44]

C. E. Hmelo-Silver, "Problem-Based Learning: What and How Do Students Learn?," Educational Psychology Review, vol. 16, no. 3, 2004.

[45]

H. S. Barrows, "Problem-based learning in medicine and beyond: A brief overview," New Directions for Teaching & Learning, vol. 68, pp. 3-12, Winter 1996.

[46]

B. J. Duch, S. E. Groh and D. E. Allen, The Power of Problem-Based Learning, Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, 2001.

[47]

G. Norman and H. Schmidt, "The Psychological Basis of Problem-based Learning: A Review of Evidence," Academic Medicine, vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 557-565, 1992.

[48]

J. Dostal, Inquird-based instruction, Olomouc: Palacky University, 2015.

[49]

M. Pedler, "Reginald Revans: The Pioneer of Action Learning," in The Palgrave Handbook of Organizational Change Thinkers, London, Palgrave, 2016, pp. 1-19.

[50]

J. Dewey, "My Pedagogic Creed," The School Journal, vol. LIV, no. 3, pp. 77-80, 16 January 1897.

[51]

K. Mullholland, "Problem-Based and Inquiry-Based Learning: What's the difference?," 2019.

[52]

H. W. J. Rittel and M. M. Webber, "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning," Policy Sciences, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 155-169, June 1973.

[53]

S. Holtel, "Artifical Intelligence Creates a Wicked Problem for the Enterprise," in Procedia Computer Science, Vienna, 2016.

[54]

Design Counsel, "The Double Diamond: A universally accepted depiction of the design process," Design Counsel, 2005.

[55]

S. D. Sarasvathy, "Causation and Effectuaton: Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to Entrepreneurial Contingency," Academy of Management Review, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 243-263, 2001.

[56]

European Commission, "The Digital Competence Framework 2.0," European Commission, Brussels, 2020.

[57]

T. Brown, Change by Design: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation, New York: Harper, 2009, p. 272.

[58]

J. Liedtka and T. Ogilvie, Designing for Growth: A Design Thinking Tool Kit for Managers, New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2011, p. 227.

[59]

M. D. Cohen, J. G. March and J. P. Olsen, "A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice," Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1-25, 1972.

[60]

C. E. Lindblom, "The Science of "Muddling Through"," Public Administration Review, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 79-88, 1959.

[61]

B. H. Banathy, Designing Social Systems in a Changing World, Hull, UK: Springer, 1996.

[62]

R. Victorino, "The Eisenhower Matrix: Prioritize Your Time on What Matters Most," slab.com, 23 September 2020.

[63]

S. D. Sarasvathy, Effectuation: Elements of entrepreneurial expertise, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2008.

[64]

N. Memar, A. Sundström and T. Larsson, "Teaching Causation and Effectuation in the Large Classroom: A Production–Trade Game," Journal of Management Education, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 438-478, 2020.

[65]

M. Savin-Baden, Facilitating Problem-Based Learning, Berkshire: Open University Press, 2003.

[66]

S. Tobias, "Interest, Prior Knowledge, and Learning," Review of Educational Research, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 37-54, 1994.

[67]

S. Hidi and V. Anderson, "Situational interest and its impact on reading and expository writing," in The role of interest in learning and development, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992, pp. 215-238.

[68]

C. Heath and D. Heath, Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others, New York: Random House, 2007, p. 336.

[69]

M. R. Lepper and D. Greene, "Turning play into work: Effects of adult surveillance and extrinisic rewards on children's," Journal of Personaliy and Social Psychology, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 479-486, 1975.

[70]

N. N. Taleb, Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life (Incerto), New York: Random House, 2018, p. 304.

[71]

J. Stepper, Working Out Loud: A 12-Week Method to Build New Connections, a Better Career, and a More Fulfilling Life, Melbourne: Black, 2020, p. 288.

[72]

A. Duckworth, Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance, New York: Scribner, 2016.

[73]

J. Renshon, "Stability and Change in Belief Systems: The Operational Code of George W. Bush," The Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 820-849, 2008.

[74]

T. A. Judge and J. E. Bono, "Relationship of Core Self-Evaluatoins Traits - Self-Esteem, Generalized Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and Emotional Stabilty - With Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis," Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 80-92, 2001.

[75]

G. Oettingen, Rethinking Positive Thinking: Inside the New Science of Motivation, London: Current Publishing, 2015, p. 240.

[76]

A. Duckworth, Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance, New York: Scribner, 2016, p. 352.

[77]

S. M. Gorelick, "On Resisting Our Need for Certainty in a Global Catastrophe," Violence and Gender, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 38-39, 2020.

[78]

F. H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1921.

[79]

S. S. Hameling and S. D. Sarasvathy, "When Contingency is a Resource: Educating Entrepreneurs in the Balkans, the Bronx, and Beyond," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 713-744, 1 July 2013.

[80]

D. J. Wilkinson, The Ambiguity Advantage, New York: palgrave macmillan, 2006.

[81]

T. Schwartz, "What it takes to think deeply about complex problems," Harvard Business Review, pp. 1-4, 9 May 2018.

[82]

B. Schwartz, The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less, New York: Harper Perennial, 2005, p. 304.

[83]

J. Hancock and K. Mattick, "Tolerance of ambiguity and psychological well-being in medical training: A systematic review," Medical Education in Review, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 125-137, 2019.

[84]

M. Saven-Baden, Facilitating Problem-Based Learning, London: Open University Press, 2003, p. 176.

[85]

M. Gibbons, C. Limoges, H. Nowotny, S. Schwarzman, P. Scott and M. Trow, The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies, London: Sage, 1994.

[86]

K. McTierman, M. Smith and I. P. Walsh, "The 'triple jump' assessment in problem based learning: An evaluative method used in the appraisal of both knowledge acquisition and problem solving skills," in Case Studies of Good Practices in Assessment of Student Learning in Higher Education, Dublin, 2007.

[87]

S. D. Kim, "Characterizing Unknown Unknowns," in PMI Global Congress 2012, Vancouver, 2012.

[88]

S. Copeland and A. Coaton, The People Project Triangle: Balancing Delivery, Business-as-Usual, and People's Welfare, Hampton, New Jersey: Business Express Press, 2020.

[89]

E. Andersen, K. Grude and T. Haug, Goal directed project management, London: Kogan Page Publishers, 2009.

[90]

S. M. M. Loyens, J. Magda and R. M. J. P. Rikers, "Self-Directed Leraning in Problem-Based Learning and its Relationships with Self-Regulated Learning," Educational Psychology Review, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 411-427, 2008.

[91]

K. McTierman, M. Smith and I. P. Walsh, "The 'triple jump' assessment in problem based learning: An evaluative method used in the appraisal of both knowledge acquisition and problem solving skills," in Case Studies of Good Practices in Assessment of Student Learning in Higher Education, Dublin, 2007.

[92]

K. Farber, "8 methods for reflection in project-based learning," Tarrant Institute for Innovatie Education, 29 November 2016. [Online]. Available: https://tiie.w3.uvm.edu/blog/reflection-in-project-based-learning/#.YmVO1NpBwSk. [Accessed 24 April 2022].

[93]

J. Benson, T. DeMaria Berry and M. Mertsch, Personal Kanban. Visualisierung und Planung von Aufgaben, Projekten und Terminen mit dem Kanban-Board, Heidelberg: dpunkt.verlag, 2013.

[94]

H. G. Schmidt and J. H. C. Moust, "What Makes a Tutor Effective? A Structural-equations Modeling Approach to Learning in Problem-Based Curricula," Academic Medicine, vol. 70, no. 8, pp. 708-714, August 1995.

[95]

J. Roland, "On "Knowing How" and "Knowing That"," The Philosophical Review, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 379-388, 1958.

[96]

M. Polanyi, The Tacit Dimension, Chicago: Unversity of Chicago Press, 2009, p. 128.

[97]

S. Sendag and H. F. Odabasi, "Effects of an online problem based learning course on content knowledge acquisition and critical thinking skills," Computer & Education, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 132-141, 2009.

Digital Library

[98]

D. F. Wood, "Problem based learning in medicine," BMJ, vol. 326, no. 7384, pp. 328-330, 8 Feb 2003.

[99]

S. A. Gallagher and W. J. R. H. Stepien, "The Effects of Problem-Based Learning On Problem Solving," Gifted Child Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 195-200, 1992.

[100]

W. Nagel, "Design Methods Finder," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.designmethodsfinder.com/. [Accessed 24 April 2022].

[101]

UX Mastery, "UX Methods Bank," UX Mastery, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://uxmastery.com/resources/techniques/. [Accessed 24 April 2022].

[102]

J. Sutton, "Socratic Questioning in Psychology: Examples and Techniques," PositivePsychology.com, 23 March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://positivepsychology.com/socratic-questioning/. [Accessed 24 April 2022].

[103]

A. Hess, P. Mennig and N. Bartels, "Conspiracy Walls in Requirements Engineering –," Fraunhofer IESE, Kaiserslautern, 2020.

[104]

K. Zakopcanova, M. Rehacek, J. Batrna, D. Plakinger, S. Stoppel and B. Kozlikova, "Visilant: Visual Support for the Exploration and Analytical Process Tracking in Criminal Investigations," IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 881-890, 2021.

[105]

K. M. Edens, "Preparing Problem Solvers for the 21st Century through Problem-Based Learningq," College Teaching, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 55-60, 2000.

[106]

A. I. Podolskij, "Zone of Proximal Development," in Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, 2012.

[107]

M. Csikszentmihalyi, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2008.

[108]

J. Sweller, P. Ayres and S. Kalyuga, "The Guidance Fading Effect," in Cognitive Load Theory: Explorations in the Learning Sciences, Instructional Systems and Performance Technologies, vol. 1, New York, NY: Springer, 2011, pp. 171-182.

Cited By

Raimundo RRosário A(2024)A Bibliometric Systematic Literature Review on the Relationship Between Problem-Based Learning Methodology and EntrepreneurshipBusinesses10.3390/businesses40400424:4(765-790)Online publication date: 27-Nov-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/businesses4040042
Schuckart A(2024)GenAI and Prompt Engineering: A Progressive Framework for Empowering the WorkforceProceedings of the 29th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs, People, and Practices10.1145/3698322.3698348(1-8)Online publication date: 3-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3698322.3698348

Recommendations

Problem-based learning supported by digital archives

Purpose -- This paper seeks to assess the differences between learning performance and the satisfaction of learners who use digital resources in the Taiwan Libraries' History Digital Library (organized digital resources) and the Google search engine (...
Industry Mindsets: Exploring the Cultures of Two Macro-Organizational Settings

<P>Cultures are dynamic, shared mindsets that, in organizational settings, are usually believed to be nationally or organizationally based. In this paper, the existence of industry cultures is explored. Previous studies of industry-based cognitive ...
Digital Health Platform Complementor Motives and Effectual Reasoning
HICSS '16: Proceedings of the 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)

Multi-sided markets mediated with digital platforms are taking over many sectors of the economy and society. In the healthcare sector, Apple Healthkit and Google Fit are emerging digital platforms for managing fitness data and developing a connected ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Other conferences

EuroPLop '22: Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs

July 2022

338 pages

ISBN:9781450395946

DOI:10.1145/3551902

Copyright © 2022 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 07 February 2023

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed limited

Conference

EuroPLop '22

EuroPLop '22: 27th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs

July 6 - 10, 2022

Irsee, Germany

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 216 of 354 submissions, 61%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

2
Total Citations
View Citations
76
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)21
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0

Reflects downloads up to 05 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Raimundo RRosário A(2024)A Bibliometric Systematic Literature Review on the Relationship Between Problem-Based Learning Methodology and EntrepreneurshipBusinesses10.3390/businesses40400424:4(765-790)Online publication date: 27-Nov-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/businesses4040042
Schuckart A(2024)GenAI and Prompt Engineering: A Progressive Framework for Empowering the WorkforceProceedings of the 29th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs, People, and Practices10.1145/3698322.3698348(1-8)Online publication date: 3-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3698322.3698348

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Table of Conten