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LLDPC: A Low-Density Parity-Check Coding Scheme for LoRa Networks

Published: 24 January 2023 Publication History

Abstract

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have been widely used for Forward Error Correction (FEC) in wireless networks because they can approach the capacity of wireless links with lightweight encoding complexity. Although LoRa networks have been developed for many applications, they still adopt simple FEC codes, i.e., Hamming codes, which provide limited FEC capacity, causing unreliable data transmissions and high energy consumption of LoRa nodes. To close this gap, this paper develops LLDPC, which realizes LDPC coding in LoRa networks. Three challenges are addressed. 1) LoRa employs Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation, which only provides hard demodulation results without soft information. However, LDPC requires the Log-Likelihood Ratio (LLR) of each received bit for decoding. We develop an LLR extractor for LoRa CSS. 2) Some erroneous bits may have high LLRs (i.e., wrongly confident in their correctness), significantly affecting the LDPC decoding efficiency. We use symbol-level information to fine-tune the LLRs of some bits to improve the LDPC decoding efficiency. 3) Soft Belief Propagation (SBP) is typically used as the LDPC decoding algorithm. It involves heavy iterative computation, resulting in a long decoding latency, which prevents the gateway from sending timely an acknowledgment. We take advantage of recent advances in graph neural networks for fast belief propagation in LDPC decoding. Extensive simulations on a large-scale synthetic dataset and in-filed experiments reveal that LLDPC can extend the lifetime of the default LoRa by 86.7% and reduce the decoding latency of the SBP algorithm by 58.09×.

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  • (2025)A Comprehensive Survey of Data-Driven Solutions for LoRaWAN: Challenges and Future DirectionsACM Transactions on Internet of Things10.1145/37119536:1(1-36)Online publication date: 10-Jan-2025
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cover image ACM Conferences
SenSys '22: Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
November 2022
1280 pages
ISBN:9781450398862
DOI:10.1145/3560905
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

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Published: 24 January 2023

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Author Tags

  1. LoRa
  2. forward error correction
  3. low-power wide-area networks
  4. wireless systems

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  • Research-article

Funding Sources

  • 2022 Faculty Research Award through the Academic Senate Faculty Research Program at UC Merced
  • Fresno-Merced Future of Food Innovation Initiative (F3) challenge grant
  • The UC National Laboratory Fees Research Program grant

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SenSys '22 Paper Acceptance Rate 52 of 187 submissions, 28%;
Overall Acceptance Rate 198 of 990 submissions, 20%

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Cited By

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  • (2025)A Comprehensive Survey of Data-Driven Solutions for LoRaWAN: Challenges and Future DirectionsACM Transactions on Internet of Things10.1145/37119536:1(1-36)Online publication date: 10-Jan-2025
  • (2024)Efficient LDPC Code Design based on Genetic Algorithm for IoT ApplicationsEAI Endorsed Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems10.4108/eetinis.v11i4.584311:4Online publication date: 1-Aug-2024
  • (2024)Artificial Intelligence of Things: A SurveyACM Transactions on Sensor Networks10.1145/369063921:1(1-75)Online publication date: 30-Aug-2024
  • (2024)FDLoRa: Tackling Downlink-Uplink Asymmetry with Full-duplex LoRa GatewaysProceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems10.1145/3666025.3699338(281-294)Online publication date: 4-Nov-2024
  • (2024)A Low-Density Parity-Check Coding Scheme for LoRa NetworkingACM Transactions on Sensor Networks10.1145/366592820:4(1-29)Online publication date: 8-Jul-2024
  • (2024)Exploring Deep Reinforcement Learning for Holistic Smart Building ControlACM Transactions on Sensor Networks10.1145/365604320:3(1-28)Online publication date: 6-May-2024
  • (2024)ChirpTransformer: Versatile LoRa Encoding for Low-power Wide-area IoTProceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services10.1145/3643832.3661861(479-491)Online publication date: 3-Jun-2024
  • (2024)MARLP: Time-series Forecasting Control for Agricultural Managed Aquifer RechargeProceedings of the 30th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining10.1145/3637528.3671533(4862-4872)Online publication date: 25-Aug-2024
  • (2024)RALoRa: Rateless-Enabled Link Adaptation for LoRa NetworkingIEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking10.1109/TNET.2024.339234232:4(3392-3407)Online publication date: Aug-2024
  • (2024)One Shot for All: Quick and Accurate Data Aggregation for LPWANsIEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking10.1109/TNET.2024.335379232:3(2285-2298)Online publication date: Jun-2024
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