Gerth Stølting Brodal
ABSTRACT
We present the first fully-persistent external-memory search tree achieving amortized I/O bounds matching those of the classic (ephemeral) B-tree by Bayer and McCreight. The insertion and deletion of a value in any version requires amortized O(logB Nv) I/Os and a range reporting query in any version requires worst-case O(logB Nv + K/B) I/Os, where K is the number of values reported, Nv is the number of values in the version v of the tree queried or updated, and B is the external-memory block size. The data structure requires space linear in the total number of updates. Compared to the previous best bounds for fully persistent B-trees [Brodal, Sioutas, Tsakalidis, and Tsichlas, SODA 2012], this paper eliminates from the update bound an additive term of O(log2 B) I/Os. This result matches the previous best bounds for the restricted case of partial persistent B-trees [Arge, Danner and Teh, JEA 2003]. Central to our approach is to consider the problem as a dynamic set of two-dimensional rectangles that can be merged and split.
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Index Terms
- External Memory Fully Persistent Search Trees
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