Angus Addlesee
Marco Damonte
ABSTRACT
Voice assistants interrupt people when they pause mid-question, a frustrating interaction that requires the full repetition of the entire question again. This impacts all users, but particularly people with cognitive impairments. In human-human conversation, these situations are recovered naturally as people understand the words that were uttered. In this paper we build answer pipelines which parse incomplete questions and repair them following human recovery strategies. We evaluated these pipelines on our new corpus, SLUICE. It contains 21,000 interrupted questions, from LC-QuAD 2.0 and QALD-9-plus, paired with their underspecified SPARQL queries. Compared to a system that is given the full question, our best partial understanding pipeline answered only 0.77% fewer questions. Results show that our pipeline correctly identifies what information is required to provide an answer but is not yet provided by the incomplete question. It also accurately identifies where that missing information belongs in the semantic structure of the question.
- Angus Addlesee. 2019. Constructing More Advanced SPARQL Queries. https://medium.com/wallscope/constructing-more-advanced-sparql-queries-72d5ade1eedc [Online; accessed 19-May-2022].Google Scholar
- Angus Addlesee. 2023. Voice Assistant Accessibility. In Proceedings of The 13th International Workshop on Spoken Dialogue Systems (IWSDS) 2023.Google Scholar
- Angus Addlesee and Arash Eshghi. 2021. Incremental Graph-Based Semantics and Reasoning for Conversational AI. In Proceedings of the Reasoning and Interaction Conference (ReInAct 2021). 1–7.Google Scholar
- Oshin Agarwal, Heming Ge, Siamak Shakeri, and Rami Al-Rfou. 2020. Knowledge graph based synthetic corpus generation for knowledge-enhanced language model pre-training. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.12688 (2020).Google Scholar
- Sören Auer, Christian Bizer, Georgi Kobilarov, Jens Lehmann, Richard Cyganiak, and Zachary Ives. 2007. Dbpedia: A nucleus for a web of open data. In The semantic web. Springer, 722–735.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Michael Azmy, Peng Shi, Jimmy Lin, and Ihab Ilyas. 2018. Farewell Freebase: Migrating the SimpleQuestions Dataset to DBpedia. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, 2093–2103. https://aclanthology.org/C18-1178Google Scholar
- Dzmitry Bahdanau, Kyunghyun Cho, and Yoshua Bengio. 2014. Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.0473 (2014).Google Scholar
- Laura Banarescu, Claire Bonial, Shu Cai, Madalina Georgescu, Kira Griffitt, Ulf Hermjakob, Kevin Knight, Philipp Koehn, Martha Palmer, and Nathan Schneider. 2012. Abstract meaning representation (amr) 1.0 specification. In Parsing on Freebase from Question-Answer Pairs. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Seattle: ACL. 1533–1544.Google Scholar
- Laura Banarescu, Claire Bonial, Shu Cai, Madalina Georgescu, Kira Griffitt, Ulf Hermjakob, Kevin Knight, Philipp Koehn, Martha Palmer, and Nathan Schneider. 2013. Abstract meaning representation for sembanking. In Proceedings of the 7th linguistic annotation workshop and interoperability with discourse. 178–186.Google Scholar
- Debayan Banerjee, Pranav Ajit Nair, Jivat Neet Kaur, Ricardo Usbeck, and Chris Biemann. 2022. Modern Baselines for SPARQL Semantic Parsing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.12793 (2022).Google Scholar
- Brahim Batouche, Claire Gardent, Anne Monceaux, and France Blagnac. 2014. Parsing text into RDF graphs. In Proceedings of the XXXI Congress of the Spanish Society for the Processing of Natural Language.Google Scholar
- Bradley R Bebee, Daniel Choi, Ankit Gupta, Andi Gutmans, Ankesh Khandelwal, Yigit Kiran, Sainath Mallidi, Bruce McGaughy, Mike Personick, Karthik Rajan, 2018. Amazon Neptune: Graph Data Management in the Cloud.. In International Semantic Web Conference (P&D/Industry/BlueSky).Google Scholar
- Jonathan Berant, Andrew Chou, Roy Frostig, and Percy Liang. 2013. Semantic parsing on freebase from question-answer pairs. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing. 1533–1544.Google Scholar
- Kurt Bollacker, Colin Evans, Praveen Paritosh, Tim Sturge, and Jamie Taylor. 2008. Freebase: a collaboratively created graph database for structuring human knowledge. In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data. 1247–1250.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Veronica Boschi, Eleonora Catricala, Monica Consonni, Cristiano Chesi, Andrea Moro, and Stefano F Cappa. 2017. Connected speech in neurodegenerative language disorders: a review. Frontiers in psychology 8 (2017), 269.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lois Bowers. 2019. Amazon announces HIPAA-compliant skills for Alexa, with senior living parent companies in the mix. https://www.mcknightsseniorliving.com/home/news/amazon-announces-hipaa-compliant-skills-for-alexa-with-senior-living-parent-companies-in-the-mix/ McKnights Senior Living. [Online; accessed 17-May-2022].Google Scholar
- Paul T Brady. 1968. A statistical analysis of on-off patterns in 16 conversations. Bell System Technical Journal 47, 1 (1968), 73–91.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Shulin Cao, Jiaxin Shi, Liangming Pan, Lunyiu Nie, Yutong Xiang, Lei Hou, Juanzi Li, Bin He, and Hanwang Zhang. 2022. KQA Pro: A Dataset with Explicit Compositional Programs for Complex Question Answering over Knowledge Base. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 6101–6119.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Haonan Chen, Hao Tan, Alan Kuntz, Mohit Bansal, and Ron Alterovitz. 2020. Enabling robots to understand incomplete natural language instructions using commonsense reasoning. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 1963–1969.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Christian Chiarcos, Thierry Declerck, and John P Mccrae. 2013. Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) Introduction and Overview. (2013).Google Scholar
- Jordan Clive, Kris Cao, and Marek Rei. 2021. Control Prefixes for Text Generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.08329 (2021).Google Scholar
- Bernard Croisile, Bernadette Ska, Marie-Josee Brabant, Annick Duchene, Yves Lepage, Gilbert Aimard, and Marc Trillet. 1996. Comparative study of oral and written picture description in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Brain and language 53, 1 (1996), 1–19.Google Scholar
- DailyCaring. 2020. Amazon Echo Alexa Helps Seniors with Dementia. https://dailycaring.com/amazon-echo-for-dementia-technology-for-seniors/ [Online; accessed 17-May-2022].Google Scholar
- Marco Damonte and Shay Cohen. 2022. Abstract Meaning Representation 2.0-Four Translations. (2022).Google Scholar
- Marco Damonte, Shay B Cohen, and Giorgio Satta. 2016. An incremental parser for abstract meaning representation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.06111 (2016).Google Scholar
- DBSC. 2020. M4D Radio. https://www.amazon.co.uk/DBSC-LTD-M4D-Radio/dp/B089GQBY5R [Online; accessed 17-May-2022].Google Scholar
- Sahas Dendukuri, Pooja Chitkara, Joel Ruben Antony Moniz, Xiao Yang, Manos Tsagkias, and Stephen Pulman. 2021. Using Pause Information for More Accurate Entity Recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.13222 (2021).Google Scholar
- Daniel Diomedi and Aidan Hogan. 2021. Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs with Neural Machine Translation and Entity Linking. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.02865 (2021).Google Scholar
- Andrew Drozdov, Jiawei Zhou, Radu Florian, Andrew McCallum, Tahira Naseem, Yoon Kim, and Ramon Fernandez Astudillo. 2022. Inducing and Using Alignments for Transition-based AMR Parsing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.01464 (2022).Google Scholar
- Mohnish Dubey, Debayan Banerjee, Abdelrahman Abdelkawi, and Jens Lehmann. 2019. Lc-quad 2.0: A large dataset for complex question answering over wikidata and dbpedia. In International semantic web conference. Springer, 69–78.Google Scholar
- Jens Edlund and Mattias Heldner. 2005. Exploring prosody in interaction control. Phonetica 62, 2-4 (2005), 215–226.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Fredo Erxleben, Michael Günther, Markus Krötzsch, Julian Mendez, and Denny Vrandečić. 2014. Introducing Wikidata to the linked data web. In International semantic web conference. Springer, 50–65.Google Scholar
- DA Evseev and M Yu Arkhipov. 2020. Sparql query generation for complex question answering with bert and bilstm-based model. In Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies. 270–282.Google Scholar
- Raquel Fernández, Jonathan Ginzburg, and Shalom Lappin. 2007. Classifying non-sentential utterances in dialogue: A machine learning approach. Computational Linguistics 33, 3 (2007), 397–427.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gillian Fyfe. 2019. Amazon Echo. https://www.alzscot.org/amazon-echo Alzheimer Scotland. [Online; accessed 17-May-2022].Google Scholar
- Claire Gardent, Anastasia Shimorina, Shashi Narayan, and Laura Perez-Beltrachini. 2017. The WebNLG challenge: Generating text from RDF data. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation. 124–133.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jonathan Ginzburg and Ivan Sag. 2000. Interrogative investigations. Stanford: CSLI publications.Google Scholar
- Yu Gu, Sue Kase, Michelle Vanni, Brian Sadler, Percy Liang, Xifeng Yan, and Yu Su. 2021. Beyond IID: three levels of generalization for question answering on knowledge bases. In Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021. 3477–3488.Google Scholar
- Matthew Honnibal, Ines Montani, Sofie Van Landeghem, and Adriane Boyd. 2020. spaCy: Industrial-strength Natural Language Processing in Python, 2020. URL https://doi. org/10.5281/zenodo 1212303, 6 (2020).Google Scholar
- Christine Howes, Ptarick GT Healey, Matthew Purver, and Arash Eshghi. 2012. Finishing each other’s... responding to incomplete contributions in dialogue. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Vol. 34.Google Scholar
- Christine Howes, Matthew Purver, Patrick GT Healey, Gregory J Mills, and Eleni Gregoromichelaki. 2011. On incrementality in dialogue: Evidence from compound contributions. Dialogue & Discourse 2, 1 (2011), 279–311.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jiepu Jiang, Wei Jeng, and Daqing He. 2013. How do users respond to voice input errors? Lexical and phonetic query reformulation in voice search. In Proceedings of the 36th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval. 143–152.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rachel Jiang. 2019. Introducing New Alexa Healthcare Skills. https://developer.amazon.com/blogs/alexa/post/ff33dbc7-6cf5-4db8-b203-99144a251a21/introducing-new-alexa-healthcare-skills Alexa Blogs. [Online; accessed 17-May-2022].Google Scholar
- Patrick Kahardipraja, Brielen Madureira, and David Schlangen. 2021. Towards Incremental Transformers: An Empirical Analysis of Transformer Models for Incremental NLU. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.07364 (2021).Google Scholar
- Mihir Kale and Abhinav Rastogi. 2020. Text-to-text pre-training for data-to-text tasks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.10433 (2020).Google Scholar
- Daniel Keysers, Nathanael Schärli, Nathan Scales, Hylke Buisman, Daniel Furrer, Sergii Kashubin, Nikola Momchev, Danila Sinopalnikov, Lukasz Stafiniak, Tibor Tihon, 2019. Measuring compositional generalization: A comprehensive method on realistic data. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.09713 (2019).Google Scholar
- Diederik P Kingma and Jimmy Ba. 2014. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980 (2014).Google Scholar
- Kevin Knight, Bianca Badarau, Laura Baranescu, Claire Bonial, Madalina Bardocz, Kira Griffitt, Ulf Hermjakob, Daniel Marcu, Martha Palmer, Tim O’Gorman, and Nathan Schneider. 2021. Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) Annotation Release 3.0. https://doi.org/11272.1/AB2/82CVJFGoogle Scholar
- Ora Lassila, Ralph R Swick, 1998. Resource description framework (RDF) model and syntax specification. W3C recommendation (1998).Google Scholar
- Jens Lehmann, Robert Isele, Max Jakob, Anja Jentzsch, Dimitris Kontokostas, Pablo N Mendes, Sebastian Hellmann, Mohamed Morsey, Patrick Van Kleef, Sören Auer, 2015. Dbpedia–a large-scale, multilingual knowledge base extracted from wikipedia. Semantic web 6, 2 (2015), 167–195.Google Scholar
- Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019. Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692 (2019).Google Scholar
- Brielen Madureira and David Schlangen. 2020. Incremental processing in the age of non-incremental encoders: An empirical assessment of bidirectional models for incremental NLU. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.05330 (2020).Google Scholar
- Frank Manola, Eric Miller, Brian McBride, 2004. RDF primer. W3C recommendation 10, 1-107 (2004), 6.Google Scholar
- Vinsen Marselino Andreas, Genta Indra Winata, and Ayu Purwarianti. 2022. A Comparative Study on Language Models for Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems. arXiv e-prints (2022), arXiv–2201.Google Scholar
- William Marslen-Wilson. 1973. Linguistic structure and speech shadowing at very short latencies. Nature 244, 5417 (1973), 522–523.Google Scholar
- Douglas McClusky. 2021. The Alexa Fund. https://www.battleagainstdementia.org/#: :text=The%20’Alexa%20Fund’%20has,living%20in%20their%20own%20homes. [Online; accessed 17-May-2022].Google Scholar
- John McCrae, Dennis Spohr, and Philipp Cimiano. 2011. Linking lexical resources and ontologies on the semantic web with lemon. In Extended Semantic Web Conference. Springer, 245–259.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Peter Mika. 2015. On schema. org and why it matters for the web. IEEE Internet Computing 19, 4 (2015), 52–55.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mohamed Morsey, Jens Lehmann, Sören Auer, Claus Stadler, and Sebastian Hellmann. 2012. Dbpedia and the live extraction of structured data from wikipedia. Program (2012).Google Scholar
- Mikio Nakano, Yuka Nagano, Kotaro Funakoshi, Toshihiko Ito, Kenji Araki, Yuji Hasegawa, and Hiroshi Tsujino. 2007. Analysis of user reactions to turn-taking failures in spoken dialogue systems. In Proceedings of the 8th SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue. 120–123.Google Scholar
- Yavor Nenov, Robert Piro, Boris Motik, Ian Horrocks, Zhe Wu, and Jay Banerjee. 2015. RDFox: A highly-scalable RDF store. In International Semantic Web Conference. Springer, 3–20.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Finn Nielsen. 2020. Lexemes in Wikidata: 2020 status. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics (LDL-2020). 82–86.Google Scholar
- Laura Panfili, Steve Duman, Andrew Nave, Katherine Phelps Ridgeway, Nathan Eversole, and Ruhi Sarikaya. 2021. Human-AI interactions through a Gricean lens. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, 1 (2021), 288–302.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Thomas Pellissier Tanon, Denny Vrandečić, Sebastian Schaffert, Thomas Steiner, and Lydia Pintscher. 2016. From freebase to wikidata: The great migration. In Proceedings of the 25th international conference on world wide web. 1419–1428.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Aleksandr Perevalov, Dennis Diefenbach, Ricardo Usbeck, and Andreas Both. 2022. QALD-9-plus: A Multilingual Dataset for Question Answering over DBpedia and Wikidata Translated by Native Speakers. In 2022 IEEE 16th International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC). IEEE. arxiv:2202.00120 [cs.CL]Google ScholarCross Ref
- Aleksandr Perevalov, Xi Yan, Liubov Kovriguina, Longquan Jiang, Andreas Both, and Ricardo Usbeck. 2022. Knowledge Graph Question Answering Leaderboard: A Community Resource to Prevent a Replication Crisis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08174 (2022).Google Scholar
- Jorge Pérez, Marcelo Arenas, and Claudio Gutierrez. 2006. Semantics and Complexity of SPARQL. In International semantic web conference. Springer, 30–43.Google Scholar
- Jorge Pérez, Marcelo Arenas, and Claudio Gutierrez. 2009. Semantics and complexity of SPARQL. ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS) 34, 3 (2009), 1–45.Google ScholarDigital Library
- PlaylistForLife. 2021. Testing Voice Activated Technology for Dementia. https://www.playlistforlife.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Testing-voice-activated-technology-for-dementia-report.pdf [Online; accessed 17-May-2022].Google Scholar
- Massimo Poesio and Hannes Rieses. 2010. Completions, coordination, and alignment in dialogue. Dialogue & Discourse 1, 1 (2010).Google Scholar
- Matthew Purver, Jonathan Ginzburg, and Patrick Healey. 2003. On the means for clarification in dialogue. In Current and new directions in discourse and dialogue. Springer, 235–255.Google Scholar
- Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J Liu. 2019. Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.10683 (2019).Google Scholar
- Pranav Rajpurkar, Jian Zhang, Konstantin Lopyrev, and Percy Liang. 2016. Squad: 100,000+ questions for machine comprehension of text. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.05250 (2016).Google Scholar
- RiseIQ. 2018. Dementia Skill. https://www.amazon.co.uk/Rise-iq-Dementia-Skill/dp/B07DBDT196 [Online; accessed 17-May-2022].Google Scholar
- Manuel Romero. 2021. T5 (base) fine-tuned on SQUAD for QG via AP. https://huggingface.co/mrm8488/t5-base-finetuned-question-generation-ap.Google Scholar
- Subendhu Rongali, Luca Soldaini, Emilio Monti, and Wael Hamza. 2020. Don’t parse, generate! a sequence to sequence architecture for task-oriented semantic parsing. In Proceedings of The Web Conference 2020. 2962–2968.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rishiraj Saha Roy and Avishek Anand. 2022. Complex Question Answering. In Question Answering for the Curated Web. Springer, 37–51.Google Scholar
- Seiji Sakakibara, Sachio Saiki, Masahide Nakamura, and Kiyoshi Yasuda. 2017. Generating personalized dialogue towards daily counseling system for home dementia care. In Digital Human Modeling. Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics, and Risk Management: Health and Safety: 8th International Conference, DHM 2017, Held as Part of HCI International 2017, Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 9-14, 2017, Proceedings, Part II 8. Springer, 161–172.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Barry Schwartz. 2014. Google To Close Freebase, Which Helped Feed Its Knowledge Graph. https://searchengineland.com/google-close-freebase-helped-feed-knowledge-graph-211103 [Online; accessed 19-May-2022].Google Scholar
- Frank Seifart, Jan Strunk, Swintha Danielsen, Iren Hartmann, Brigitte Pakendorf, Søren Wichmann, Alena Witzlack-Makarevich, Nivja H de Jong, and Balthasar Bickel. 2018. Nouns slow down speech across structurally and culturally diverse languages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, 22 (2018), 5720–5725.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gabriel Skantze. 2021. Turn-taking in conversational systems and human-robot interaction: a review. Computer Speech & Language 67 (2021), 101178.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Antoine Slegers, Renee-Pier Filiou, Maxime Montembeault, and Simona Maria Brambati. 2018. Connected speech features from picture description in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 65, 2 (2018), 519–542.Google Scholar
- Yu Su, Huan Sun, Brian Sadler, Mudhakar Srivatsa, Izzeddin Gür, Zenghui Yan, and Xifeng Yan. 2016. On generating characteristic-rich question sets for qa evaluation. In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 562–572.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Apple Support. 2022. Use accessibility features with Siri on iPhone. https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/iphone/iphaff1d606/ios [Online; accessed 14-April-2023].Google Scholar
- Louis Ten Bosch, Nelleke Oostdijk, and Lou Boves. 2005. On temporal aspects of turn taking in conversational dialogues. Speech Communication 47, 1-2 (2005), 80–86.Google Scholar
- Trung Tran and Dang Tuan Nguyen. 2020. Webnlg 2020 challenge: Semantic template mining for generating references from rdf. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation from the Semantic Web (WebNLG+). 177–185.Google Scholar
- Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017).Google Scholar
- Oriol Vinyals, Meire Fortunato, and Navdeep Jaitly. 2015. Pointer networks. Advances in neural information processing systems 28 (2015).Google Scholar
- Denny Vrandečić. 2012. Wikidata: A new platform for collaborative data collection. In Proceedings of the 21st international conference on world wide web. 1063–1064.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Denny Vrandečić and Markus Krötzsch. 2014. Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase. Commun. ACM 57, 10 (2014), 78–85.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, Tim Rault, Rémi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, 2019. Huggingface’s transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.03771 (2019).Google Scholar
- Xuchen Yao and Benjamin Van Durme. 2014. Information extraction over structured data: Question answering with freebase. In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 956–966.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jiawei Zhou, Tahira Naseem, Ramón Fernandez Astudillo, Young-Suk Lee, Radu Florian, and Salim Roukos. 2021. Structure-aware Fine-tuning of Sequence-to-sequence Transformers for Transition-based AMR Parsing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.15534 (2021).Google Scholar
- Jianyun Zou, Min Yang, Lichao Zhang, Yechen Xu, Qifan Pan, Fengqing Jiang, Ran Qin, Shushu Wang, Yifan He, Songfang Huang, 2021. A chinese multi-type complex questions answering dataset over wikidata. arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.06086 (2021).Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Understanding and Answering Incomplete Questions
Recommendations
Registering Historical Context for Question Answering in a Blocks World Dialogue System
Text, Speech, and DialogueAbstractTask-oriented dialogue-based spatial reasoning systems need to maintain history of the world/discourse states in order to convey that the dialogue agent is mentally present and engaged with the task, as well as to be able to refer to earlier ...
Towards Designing a Question-Answering Chatbot for Online News: Understanding Questions and Perspectives
CHI '24: Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsLarge Language Models (LLMs) have created opportunities for designing chatbots that can support complex question-answering (QA) scenarios and improve news audience engagement. However, we still lack an understanding of what roles journalists and readers ...
Answering Arabic Why-Questions: Baseline vs. RST-Based Approach
A Question Answering (QA) system is concerned with building a system that automatically answer questions posed by humans in a natural language. Compared to other languages, little effort was directed towards QA systems for Arabic. Due to the difficulty ...
Comments