Rui Pan
ABSTRACT
Modern blockchains supporting smart contracts implement a new form of state machine replication with a trusted and decentralized paradigm. However, inefficient smart contract transaction execution severely limits system throughput and hinders the further application of blockchain.
In this work, we achieve efficient multi-layer parallelism of transactions through an algorithm and architecture co-design. Based on the analysis of smart contract invocations, we find that transactions are widely redundant in spatio-temporal distribution and reveal a restriction of scheduling benefits resulting from redundant operations. We propose a spatio-temporal scheduling algorithm to solve this restriction and design a multi-transaction processing unit (MTPU) to accomplish the optimization of transaction parallelism and redundancy. Transactions are asynchronously parallel in the spatial dimension through decoupling of execution and scheduling. Fine-grained data and instruction reuse enables transaction de-redundancy in the time dimension. In addition, we collect execution information for frequently invoked hotspot contracts and perform deep optimization in the idle time slice. Finally, our evaluation shows that the algorithm and architecture co-design is able to achieve a further acceleration of 3.53× -- 16.19× compared to existing schemes.
- Igor D. Alvarenga, Gustavo Franco Camilo, Lucas Airam C. de Souza, and Otto Carlos M. B. Duarte. 2021. DAGSec: A hybrid distributed ledger architecture for the secure management of the Internet of Things. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain, Blockchain 2021, Melbourne, Australia, December 6--8, 2021. IEEE, 266--271. Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Mohammad Javad Amiri, Divyakant Agrawal, and Amr El Abbadi. 2019. Par-Blockchain: Leveraging Transaction Parallelism in Permissioned Blockchain Systems. In 39th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, ICDCS 2019, Dallas, TX, USA, July 7--10, 2019. IEEE, 1337--1347. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mohammad Javad Amiri, Divyakant Agrawal, and Amr El Abbadi. 2021. Permissioned Blockchains: Properties, Techniques and Applications. In SIGMOD '21: International Conference on Management of Data, Virtual Event, China, June 20--25, 2021. ACM, 2813--2820. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Parwat Singh Anjana, Hagit Attiya, Sweta Kumari, Sathya Peri, and Archit Somani. 2020. Efficient Concurrent Execution of Smart Contracts in Blockchains Using Object-Based Transactional Memory. In Networked Systems - 8th International Conference, NETYS 2020, Marrakech, Morocco, June 3--5, 2020, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 12129). Springer, 77--93. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Parwat Singh Anjana, Sweta Kumari, Sathya Peri, Sachin Rathor, and Archit Somani. 2019. An Efficient Framework for Optimistic Concurrent Execution of Smart Contracts. In 27th Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-Based Processing, PDP 2019, Pavia, Italy, February 13--15, 2019. IEEE, 83--92. Google ScholarCross Ref
- L. M. Bach, Branko Mihaljevic, and Mario Zagar. 2018. Comparative analysis of blockchain consensus algorithms. In 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics, MIPRO 2018, Opatija, Croatia, May 21--25, 2018. IEEE, 1545--1550. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jonathan Bachrach, Huy Vo, Brian C. Richards, Yunsup Lee, Andrew Waterman, Rimas Avizienis, John Wawrzynek, and Krste Asanovic. 2012. Chisel: constructing hardware in a Scala embedded language. In The 49th Annual Design Automation Conference 2012, DAC '12, San Francisco, CA, USA, June 3--7, 2012. ACM, 1216--1225. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Shrey Baheti, Parwat Singh Anjana, Sathya Peri, and Yogesh Simmhan. 2022. DiPETrans: A framework for distributed parallel execution of transactions of blocks in blockchains. Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp. 34, 10 (2022). Google ScholarCross Ref
- Massimo Bartoletti, Letterio Galletta, and Maurizio Murgia. 2021. A theory of transaction parallelism in blockchains. Log. Methods Comput. Sci. 17, 4 (2021). Google ScholarCross Ref
- Pronaya Bhattacharya, Sudeep Tanwar, Umesh Bodkhe, Sudhanshu Tyagi, and Neeraj Kumar. 2021. BinDaaS: Blockchain-Based Deep-Learning as-a-Service in Healthcare 4.0 Applications. IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng. 8, 2 (2021), 1242--1255. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Vitalik Buterin, Diego Hernandez, Thor Kamphefner, Khiem Pham, Zhi Qiao, Danny Ryan, Juhyeok Sin, Ying Wang, and Yan X. Zhang. 2020. Combining GHOST and Casper. CoRR abs/2003.03052 (2020). arXiv:2003.03052 https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03052Google Scholar
- Yang Chen, Zhongxin Guo, Runhuai Li, Shuo Chen, Lidong Zhou, Yajin Zhou, and Xian Zhang. 2021. Forerunner: Constraint-based Speculative Transaction Execution for Ethereum. In SOSP '21: ACM SIGOPS 28th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Virtual Event / Koblenz, Germany, October 26--29, 2021. ACM, 570--587. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jérémie Decouchant, David Kozhaya, Vincent Rahli, and Jiangshan Yu. 2022. DAMYSUS: streamlined BFT consensus leveraging trusted components. In EuroSys '22: Seventeenth European Conference on Computer Systems, Rennes, France, April 5 -- 8, 2022. ACM, 1--16. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Thomas D. Dickerson, Paul Gazzillo, Maurice Herlihy, and Eric Koskinen. 2020. Adding concurrency to smart contracts. Distributed Comput. 33, 3--4 (2020), 209--225. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Etherscan. 2022. Etherscan. https://etherscan.io/Google Scholar
- Min Fang, Zhao Zhang, Cheqing Jin, and Aoying Zhou. 2021. High-Performance Smart Contracts Concurrent Execution for Permissioned Blockchain Using SGX. In 37th IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering, ICDE 2021, Chania, Greece, April 19--22, 2021. IEEE, 1907--1912. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Min Fang, Xinna Zhou, Zhao Zhang, Cheqing Jin, and Aoying Zhou. 2022. SE-Frame: An SGX-enhanced Smart Contract Execution Framework for Permissioned Blockchain. In 38th IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering, ICDE 2022, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, May 9--12, 2022. IEEE, 3166--3169. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Md. Sadek Ferdous, Mohammad Jabed Morshed Chowdhury, and Mohammad Ashraful Hoque. 2021. A survey of consensus algorithms in public blockchain systems for crypto-currencies. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 182 (2021), 103035. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Manoj Franklin and Mark Smotherman. 1994. A fill-unit approach to multiple instruction issue. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture, MICRO 1994, San Jose, California, USA, November 30 - December 2, 1994. ACM / IEEE Computer Society, 162--171. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Xiang Fu, Huaimin Wang, and Peichang Shi. 2021. A survey of Blockchain consensus algorithms: mechanism, design and applications. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 64, 2 (2021). Google ScholarCross Ref
- Zhonghui Ge, Yi Zhang, Yu Long, and Dawu Gu. 2022. Shaduf: Non-Cycle Payment Channel Rebalancing. In 29th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS 2022, San Diego, California, USA, April 24--28, 2022. The Internet Society. https://www.ndss-symposium.org/ndss-paper/auto-draft-254/Google Scholar
- Yossi Gilad, Rotem Hemo, Silvio Micali, Georgios Vlachos, and Nickolai Zeldovich. 2017. Algorand: Scaling Byzantine Agreements for Cryptocurrencies. In Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, SOSP 2017, Shanghai, China, October 28--31, 2017. ACM, 51--68. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zicong Hong, Song Guo, Rui Zhang, Peng Li, Yufeng Zhan, and Wuhui Chen. 2022. Cycle: Sustainable Off-Chain Payment Channel Network with Asynchronous Rebalancing. In 52nd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, DSN 2022, Baltimore, MD, USA, June 27--30, 2022. IEEE, 41--53. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ruomu Hou, Haifeng Yu, and Prateek Saxena. 2022. Using Throughput-Centric Byzantine Broadcast to Tolerate Malicious Majority in Blockchains. In 43rd IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2022, San Francisco, CA, USA, May 22--26, 2022. IEEE, 1263--1280. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Cheqing Jin, Shuaifeng Pang, Xiaodong Qi, Zhao Zhang, and Aoying Zhou. 2022. A High Performance Concurrency Protocol for Smart Contracts of Permissioned Blockchain. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 34, 11 (2022), 5070--5083. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Aggelos Kiayias, Markulf Kohlweiss, and Amirreza Sarencheh. 2022. PEReDi: Privacy-Enhanced, Regulated and Distributed Central Bank Digital Currencies. In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2022, Los Angeles, CA, USA, November 7--11, 2022. ACM, 1739--1752. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias, Philipp Jovanovic, Linus Gasser, Nicolas Gailly, Ewa Syta, and Bryan Ford. 2018. OmniLedger: A Secure, Scale-Out, Decentralized Ledger via Sharding. In 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2018, Proceedings, 21--23 May 2018, San Francisco, California, USA. IEEE Computer Society, 583--598. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Wang Fat Lau, Dennis Y. W. Liu, and Man Ho Au. 2021. Blockchain-Based Supply Chain System for Traceability, Regulation and Anti-Counterfeiting. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain, Blockchain 2021, Melbourne, Australia, December 6--8, 2021. IEEE, 82--89. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Chenxing Li, Peilun Li, Dong Zhou, Zhe Yang, Ming Wu, Guang Yang, Wei Xu, Fan Long, and Andrew Chi-Chih Yao. 2020. A Decentralized Blockchain with High Throughput and Fast Confirmation. In 2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, USENIX ATC 2020, July 15--17, 2020. USENIX Association, 515--528. https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc20/presentation/li-chenxingGoogle Scholar
- Joshua Lind, Oded Naor, Ittay Eyal, Florian Kelbert, Emin Gün Sirer, and Peter R. Pietzuch. 2019. Teechain: a secure payment network with asynchronous blockchain access. In Proceedings of the 27th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, SOSP 2019, Huntsville, ON, Canada, October 27--30, 2019. ACM, 63--79. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tao Lu and Lu Peng. 2020. BPU: A Blockchain Processing Unit for Accelerated Smart Contract Execution. In 57th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference, DAC 2020, San Francisco, CA, USA, July 20--24, 2020. IEEE, 1--6. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Loi Luu, Viswesh Narayanan, Chaodong Zheng, Kunal Baweja, Seth Gilbert, and Prateek Saxena. 2016. A Secure Sharding Protocol For Open Blockchains. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Vienna, Austria, October 24--28, 2016. ACM, 17--30. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Patrick McCorry, Surya Bakshi, Iddo Bentov, Sarah Meiklejohn, and Andrew Miller. 2019. Pisa: Arbitration Outsourcing for State Channels. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies, AFT 2019, Zurich, Switzerland, October 21--23, 2019. ACM, 16--30. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Andrew Miller, Yu Xia, Kyle Croman, Elaine Shi, and Dawn Song. 2016. The Honey Badger of BFT Protocols. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Vienna, Austria, October 24--28, 2016. ACM, 31--42. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized business review (2008), 21260. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Lan N. Nguyen, Truc D. T. Nguyen, Thang N. Dinh, and My T. Thai. 2019. OptChain: Optimal Transactions Placement for Scalable Blockchain Sharding. In 39th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, ICDCS 2019, Dallas, TX, USA, July 7--10, 2019. IEEE, 525--535. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nikolaos Papadis and Leandros Tassiulas. 2022. Payment Channel Networks: Single-Hop Scheduling for Throughput Maximization. In IEEE INFOCOM 2022 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, London, United Kingdom, May 2--5, 2022. IEEE, 900--909. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Vikram Saraph and Maurice Herlihy. 2019. An Empirical Study of Speculative Concurrency in Ethereum Smart Contracts. In International Conference on Blockchain Economics, Security and Protocols, Tokenomics 2019, May 6--7, 2019, Paris, France (OASIcs, Vol. 71). Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 4:1--4:15. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Vibhaalakshmi Sivaraman, Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan, Kathleen Ruan, Parimarjan Negi, Lei Yang, Radhika Mittal, Giulia Fanti, and Mohammad Alizadeh. 2020. High Throughput Cryptocurrency Routing in Payment Channel Networks. In 17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI 2020, Santa Clara, CA, USA, February 25--27, 2020. USENIX Association, 777--796. https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi20/presentation/sivaramanGoogle Scholar
- Solidity. 2022. Solidity. https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.8.17/Google Scholar
- Yonatan Sompolinsky and Aviv Zohar. 2015. Secure High-Rate Transaction Processing in Bitcoin. In Financial Cryptography and Data Security - 19th International Conference, FC 2015, San Juan, Puerto Rico, January 26--30, 2015, Revised Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 8975). Springer, 507--527. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Xiao Sui, Sisi Duan, and Haibin Zhang. 2022. Marlin: Two-Phase BFT with Linearity. In 52nd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, DSN 2022, Baltimore, MD, USA, June 27--30, 2022. IEEE, 54--66. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jiaping Wang and Hao Wang. 2019. Monoxide: Scale out Blockchains with Asynchronous Consensus Zones. In 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI 2019, Boston, MA, February 26--28, 2019. USENIX Association, 95--112. https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi19/presentation/wang-jiapingGoogle Scholar
- Tianyu Wang, Qian Wang, Zhaoyan Shen, Zhiping Jia, and Zili Shao. 2022. Understanding Characteristics and System Implications of DAG-Based Blockchain in IoT Environments. IEEE Internet Things J. 9, 16 (2022), 14478--14489. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gavin Wood. 2014. Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper 151, 2014 (2014), 1--32. https://files.gitter.im/ethereum/yellowpaper/VIyt/Paper.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Lei Yang, Seo Jin Park, Mohammad Alizadeh, Sreeram Kannan, and David Tse. 2022. DispersedLedger: High-Throughput Byzantine Consensus on Variable Bandwidth Networks. In 19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI 2022, Renton, WA, USA, April 4--6, 2022, Amar Phanishayee and Vyas Sekar (Eds.). USENIX Association, 493--512. https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi22/presentation/yangGoogle Scholar
- Murat Yilmaz, Tuna Hacaloglu, and Paul M. Clarke. 2022. Examining the Use of Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs) as a Trading Mechanism for the Metaverse. In Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement - 29th European Conference, EuroSPI 2022, Salzburg, Austria, August 31 -- September 2, 2022, Proceedings (Communications in Computer and Information Science, Vol. 1646). Springer, 18--28. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Haifeng Yu, Ivica Nikolic, Ruomu Hou, and Prateek Saxena. 2020. OHIE: Blockchain Scaling Made Simple. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2020, San Francisco, CA, USA, May 18--21, 2020. IEEE, 90--105. Google ScholarCross Ref
- An Zhang and Kunlong Zhang. 2018. Enabling Concurrency on Smart Contracts Using Multiversion Ordering. In Web and Big Data - Second International Joint Conference, APWeb-WAIM 2018, Macau, China, July 23--25, 2018, Proceedings, Part II (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 10988). Springer, 425--439. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cheng Zhang, Yang Xu, Yupeng Hu, Jiajing Wu, Ju Ren, and Yaoxue Zhang. 2022. A Blockchain-Based Multi-Cloud Storage Data Auditing Scheme to Locate Faults. IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput. 10, 4 (2022), 2252--2263. Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- An Algorithm and Architecture Co-design for Accelerating Smart Contracts in Blockchain
Recommendations
Blockchain and Smart Contracts
ICSIE '19: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Software and Information EngineeringThis paper presents an introduction to the current state of art of the Blockchain and Smart Contract technologies. Blockchain is a fast-disruptive technology becoming a key instrument in share economy. The Blockchain-based Smart Contract aim to ...
An overview on smart contracts: Challenges, advances and platforms
AbstractSmart contract technology is reshaping conventional industry and business processes. Being embedded in blockchains, smart contracts enable the contractual terms of an agreement to be enforced automatically without the intervention of a ...
Highlights- Opportunities of smart contracts for industrial internet of things.
- Lifecycle ...
Making Smart Contracts Smarter
CCS '16: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications SecurityCryptocurrencies record transactions in a decentralized data structure called a blockchain. Two of the most popular cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin and Ethereum, support the feature to encode rules or scripts for processing transactions. This feature has ...
Comments