skip to main content
10.1145/3581783.3611743acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesmmConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

A Closer Look at Classifier in Adversarial Domain Generalization

Published:27 October 2023Publication History

ABSTRACT

The task of domain generalization is to learn a classification model from multiple source domains and generalize it to unknown target domains. The key to domain generalization is learning discriminative domain-invariant features. Invariant representations are achieved using adversarial domain generalization as one of the primary techniques. For example, generative adversarial networks have been widely used, but suffer from the problem of low intra-class diversity, which can lead to poor generalization ability. To address this issue, we propose a new method called auxiliary classifier in adversarial domain generalization (CloCls). CloCls improve the diversity of the source domain by introducing auxiliary classifier. Combining typical task-related losses, e.g., cross-entropy loss for classification and adversarial loss for domain discrimination, our overall goal is to guarantee the learning of condition-invariant features for all source domains while increasing the diversity of source domains. Further, inspired by smoothing optima have improved generalization for supervised learning tasks like classification. We leverage that converging to a smooth minima with respect task loss stabilizes the adversarial training leading to better performance on unseen target domain which can effectively enhances the performance of domain adversarial methods. We have conducted extensive image classification experiments on benchmark datasets in domain generalization, and our model exhibits sufficient generalization ability and outperforms state-of-the-art DG methods.

References

  1. Yogesh Balaji, Swami Sankaranarayanan, and Rama Chellappa. 2018. Metareg: Towards domain generalization using meta-regularization. NeurIPS, Vol. 31 (2018).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. Shai Ben-David, John Blitzer, Koby Crammer, Alex Kulesza, Fernando Pereira, and Jennifer Wortman Vaughan. 2010. A theory of learning from different domains. Machine learning, Vol. 79, 1 (2010), 151--175.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. Shai Ben-David, John Blitzer, Koby Crammer, and Fernando Pereira. 2006. Analysis of representations for domain adaptation. Advances in neural information processing systems, Vol. 19 (2006).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  4. Guanyu Cai, Yuqin Wang, Lianghua He, and MengChu Zhou. 2019. Unsupervised domain adaptation with adversarial residual transform networks. IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems (TNNLS), Vol. 31, 8 (2019), 3073--3086.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  5. Fabio M Carlucci, Antonio D'Innocente, Silvia Bucci, Barbara Caputo, and Tatiana Tommasi. 2019a. Domain generalization by solving jigsaw puzzles. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2229--2238.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  6. Fabio Maria Carlucci, Antonio D'Innocente, S. Bucci, B. Caputo, and T. Tommasi. 2019b. Domain Generalization by Solving Jigsaw Puzzles. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2019), 2224--2233.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  7. Junbum Cha, Sanghyuk Chun, Kyungjae Lee, Han-Cheol Cho, Seunghyun Park, Yunsung Lee, and Sungrae Park. 2021. SWAD: Domain Generalization by Seeking Flat Minima. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.08604 (2021).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. Prithvijit Chattopadhyay, Yogesh Balaji, and Judy Hoffman. 2020. Learning to balance specificity and invariance for in and out of domain generalization. In ECCV. 301--318.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  9. Chaoqi Chen, Jiongcheng Li, Xiaoguang Han, Xiaoqing Liu, and Yizhou Yu. 2022. Compound Domain Generalization via Meta-Knowledge Encoding. In CVPR. 7119--7129.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  10. Gintare Karolina Dziugaite and Daniel M Roy. 2017. Computing nonvacuous generalization bounds for deep (stochastic) neural networks with many more parameters than training data. arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.11008 (2017).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  11. Pierre Foret, Ariel Kleiner, Hossein Mobahi, and Behnam Neyshabur. 2021. Sharpness-aware Minimization for Efficiently Improving Generalization. In International Conference on Learning Representations. https://openreview.net/forum?id=6Tm1mposlrMGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  12. Muhammad Ghifary, W Bastiaan Kleijn, Mengjie Zhang, and David Balduzzi. 2015. Domain generalization for object recognition with multi-task autoencoders. In ICCV. 2551--2559.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  13. Ishaan Gulrajani and David Lopez-Paz. 2021. In search of lost domain generalization. ICLR (2021).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  14. Haowei He, Gao Huang, and Yang Yuan. 2019. Asymmetric valleys: beyond sharp and flat local minima. In Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. 2553--2564.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. Sepp Hochreiter and Jürgen Schmidhuber. 1994. Simplifying neural nets by discovering flat minima. Advances in neural information processing systems, Vol. 7 (1994).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  16. Sepp Hochreiter and Jürgen Schmidhuber. 1997. Flat minima. Neural computation, Vol. 9, 1 (1997), 1--42.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. Liang Hou, Qi Cao, Huawei Shen, Siyuan Pan, Xiaoshuang Li, and Xueqi Cheng. 2022. Conditional gans with auxiliary discriminative classifier. In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 8888--8902.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. Zeyi Huang, Haohan Wang, Eric P. Xing, and Dong Huang. 2020a. Self-challenging Improves Cross-Domain Generalization. In European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). 124--140.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  19. Zeyi Huang, Haohan Wang, Eric P Xing, and Dong Huang. 2020b. Self-challenging improves cross-domain generalization. In ECCV. 124--140.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  20. Nitish Shirish Keskar, Jorge Nocedal, Ping Tak Peter Tang, Dheevatsa Mudigere, and Mikhail Smelyanskiy. 2017. On large-batch training for deep learning: Generalization gap and sharp minima. In 5th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2017.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  21. Daehee Kim, Youngjun Yoo, Seunghyun Park, Jinkyu Kim, and Jaekoo Lee. 2021. Selfreg: Self-supervised contrastive regularization for domain generalization. In ICCV. 9619--9628.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  22. Jungmin Kwon, Jeongseop Kim, Hyunseo Park, and In Kwon Choi. 2021. Asam: Adaptive sharpness-aware minimization for scale-invariant learning of deep neural networks. In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 5905--5914.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. Da Li, Yongxin Yang, Yi-Zhe Song, and Timothy M Hospedales. 2017. Deeper, broader and artier domain generalization. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision. 5542--5550.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  24. Da Li, Yongxin Yang, Yi-Zhe Song, and Timothy M Hospedales. 2018d. Learning to generalize: Meta-learning for domain generalization. In AAAI.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  25. Haoliang Li, Sinno Jialin Pan, Shiqi Wang, and Alex C Kot. 2018b. Domain generalization with adversarial feature learning. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 5400--5409.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  26. Haoliang Li, Yufei Wang, Renjie Wan, Shiqi Wang, Tie-Qiang Li, and Alex C. Kot. 2020. Domain Generalization for Medical Imaging Classification with Linear-Dependency Regularization. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  27. Ya Li, Mingming Gong, Xinmei Tian, Tongliang Liu, and Dacheng Tao. 2018a. Domain generalization via conditional invariant representations. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 32.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  28. Ya Li, Xinmei Tian, Mingming Gong, Yajing Liu, Tongliang Liu, Kun Zhang, and Dacheng Tao. 2018c. Deep domain generalization via conditional invariant adversarial networks. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). 624--639.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  29. Mingsheng Long, Yue Cao, Jianmin Wang, and Michael Jordan. 2015. Learning transferable features with deep adaptation networks. In International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 97--105.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  30. Ao Ma, Jingjing Li, Ke Lu, Lei Zhu, and Heng Tao Shen. 2021. Adversarial Entropy Optimization for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (TNNLS) (2021).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  31. Divyat Mahajan, Shruti Tople, and Amit Sharma. 2020. Domain generalization using causal matching. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.07500 (2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  32. T. Matsuura and T. Harada. 2020. Domain Generalization Using a Mixture of Multiple Latent Domains. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  33. Saeid Motiian, Marco Piccirilli, Donald A Adjeroh, and Gianfranco Doretto. 2017. Unified deep supervised domain adaptation and generalization. In ICCV. 5715--5725.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  34. Krikamol Muandet, David Balduzzi, and Bernhard Schölkopf. 2013. Domain generalization via invariant feature representation. In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 10--18.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  35. Hyeonseob Nam, HyunJae Lee, Jongchan Park, Wonjun Yoon, and Donggeun Yoo. 2021. Reducing domain gap by reducing style bias. In CVPR. 8690--8699.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  36. Sinno Jialin Pan, Ivor W Tsang, James T Kwok, and Qiang Yang. 2010. Domain adaptation via transfer component analysis. IEEE transactions on neural networks, Vol. 22, 2 (2010), 199--210.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  37. Xingchao Peng, Qinxun Bai, Xide Xia, Zijun Huang, Kate Saenko, and Bo Wang. 2019. Moment matching for multi-source domain adaptation. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. 1406--1415.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  38. Vihari Piratla, Praneeth Netrapalli, and Sunita Sarawagi. 2020. Efficient Domain Generalization via Common-Specific Low-Rank Decomposition. In International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  39. Fengchun Qiao, Long Zhao, and Xi Peng. 2020. Learning to learn single domain generalization. In CVPR. 12556--12565.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  40. Harsh Rangwani, Sumukh K Aithal, Mayank Mishra, Arihant Jain, and Venkatesh Babu Radhakrishnan. 2022. A closer look at smoothness in domain adversarial training. In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 18378--18399.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  41. Seonguk Seo, Yumin Suh, D. Kim, Jongwoo Han, and B. Han. 2020. Learning to Optimize Domain Specific Normalization for Domain Generalization. In European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  42. Shiv Shankar, Vihari Piratla, Soumen Chakrabarti, Siddhartha Chaudhuri, Preethi Jyothi, and Sunita Sarawagi. 2018. Generalizing across domains via cross-gradient training. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.10745 (2018).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  43. Zhishu Sun, Zhifeng Shen, Luojun Lin, Yuanlong Yu, Zhifeng Yang, Shicai Yang, and Weijie Chen. 2022. Dynamic Domain Generalization. IJCAI (2022).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  44. Hemanth Venkateswara, Jose Eusebio, Shayok Chakraborty, and Sethuraman Panchanathan. 2017. Deep Hashing Network for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation. In (IEEE) Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  45. Riccardo Volpi, Hongseok Namkoong, Ozan Sener, John C Duchi, Vittorio Murino, and Silvio Savarese. 2018. Generalizing to unseen domains via adversarial data augmentation. Advances in neural information processing systems, Vol. 31 (2018).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  46. Mengzhu Wang, Jianlong Yuan, Qi Qian, Zhibin Wang, and Hao Li. 2022. Semantic Data Augmentation based Distance Metric Learning for Domain Generalization. In Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. 3214--3223.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  47. Shujun Wang, Lequan Yu, Caizi Li, Chi-Wing Fu, and Pheng-Ann Heng. 2020. Learning from extrinsic and intrinsic supervisions for domain generalization. In ECCV. 159--176.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  48. Zengmao Wang, Bo Du, and Yuhong Guo. 2019. Domain adaptation with neural embedding matching. IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems (TNNLS), Vol. 31, 7 (2019), 2387--2397.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  49. Xiaofu Wu, Suofei Zhang, Quan Zhou, Zhen Yang, Chunming Zhao, and Longin Jan Latecki. 2021. Entropy Minimization Versus Diversity Maximization for Domain Adaptation. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (TNNLS) (2021).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  50. Qinwei Xu, Ruipeng Zhang, Ya Zhang, Yanfeng Wang, and Qi Tian. 2021. A fourier-based framework for domain generalization. In CVPR. 14383--14392.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  51. Fu-En Yang, Yuan-Chia Cheng, Zu-Yun Shiau, and Yu-Chiang Frank Wang. 2021. Adversarial teacher-student representation learning for domain generalization. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2021), 19448--19460.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  52. Hongyi Zhang, Moustapha Cisse, Yann N Dauphin, and David Lopez-Paz. 2017. mixup: Beyond empirical risk minimization. ICLR (2017).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  53. Lei Zhang, Jingru Fu, Shanshan Wang, David Zhang, Zhaoyang Dong, and CL Philip Chen. 2019. Guide subspace learning for unsupervised domain adaptation. IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems (TNNLS), Vol. 31, 9 (2019), 3374--3388.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  54. Shanshan Zhao, Mingming Gong, Tongliang Liu, Huan Fu, and Dacheng Tao. 2020a. Domain generalization via entropy regularization. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 33 (2020), 16096--16107.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  55. Shanshan Zhao, M. Gong, T. Liu, H. Fu, and Dacheng Tao. 2020b. Domain Generalization via Entropy Regularization. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  56. Kaiyang Zhou, Yongxin Yang, Timothy Hospedales, and Tao Xiang. 2020a. Deep domain-adversarial image generation for domain generalisation. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 13025--13032.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  57. Kaiyang Zhou, Yongxin Yang, Timothy Hospedales, and Tao Xiang. 2020b. Learning to generate novel domains for domain generalization. In ECCV. 561--578.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  58. Kaiyang Zhou, Yongxin Yang, Yu Qiao, and Tao Xiang. 2021. Domain generalization with mixstyle. ICLR (2021).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar

Index Terms

  1. A Closer Look at Classifier in Adversarial Domain Generalization

          Recommendations

          Comments

          Login options

          Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

          Sign in
          • Published in

            cover image ACM Conferences
            MM '23: Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Multimedia
            October 2023
            9913 pages
            ISBN:9798400701085
            DOI:10.1145/3581783

            Copyright © 2023 ACM

            Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

            Publisher

            Association for Computing Machinery

            New York, NY, United States

            Publication History

            • Published: 27 October 2023

            Permissions

            Request permissions about this article.

            Request Permissions

            Check for updates

            Qualifiers

            • research-article

            Acceptance Rates

            Overall Acceptance Rate995of4,171submissions,24%

            Upcoming Conference

            MM '24
            MM '24: The 32nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia
            October 28 - November 1, 2024
            Melbourne , VIC , Australia
          • Article Metrics

            • Downloads (Last 12 months)254
            • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)53

            Other Metrics

          PDF Format

          View or Download as a PDF file.

          PDF

          eReader

          View online with eReader.

          eReader