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What Could Possibly Go Wrong? Unsuccessful Take-Over Attempts during Conditional Driving Automation

Published: 18 September 2023 Publication History

Abstract

In conditional driving automation (SAE L3), a vehicle may issue a take-over request at any time, and the driver must intervene by resuming control. Normally, the driver would manually resolve a situation that the vehicle could not handle and then switch back to full driving automation mode. In this video, however, we focus only on unsuccessful take-over attempts that resulted in collisions and their causes. An expert driver observed and labeled video recordings of 18 unsuccessful take-over attempts out of 216 take-overs, performed in a driving simulator user study. The unsuccessful take-overs were then categorized into five groups in which the driver: 1) did not brake; 2) took over too late; 3) did not take over at all; 4) was too immersed in the secondary task; and 5) had problems with the user interface. The resulting video shows an example of each type of unsuccessful take-over event.

References

[1]
SAE International, “J3016_202104: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles,” Apr. 30, 2021. https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j3016_202104/ (accessed Jan. 28, 2023).
[2]
A. Eriksson and N. A. Stanton, “Takeover Time in Highly Automated Vehicles: Noncritical Transitions to and From Manual Control,” Hum Factors, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 689–705, Jun. 2017.
[3]
X. Tan and Y. Zhang, “The effects of takeover request lead time on drivers’ situation awareness for manually exiting from freeways: A web-based study on level 3 automated vehicles,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 168, p. 106593, Apr. 2022.
[4]
S. S. Borojeni, T. Wallbaum, W. Heuten, and S. Boll, “Comparing Shape-Changing and Vibro-Tactile Steering Wheels for Take-Over Requests in Highly Automated Driving,” in Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, in AutomotiveUI ’17. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017, pp. 221–225.
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J. Wan and C. Wu, “The Effects of Vibration Patterns of Take-Over Request and Non-Driving Tasks on Taking-Over Control of Automated Vehicles,” International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 987–998, Nov. 2018.
[6]
F. Naujoks, C. Mai, and A. Neukum, “The Effect of Urgency of Take-Over Requests During Highly Automated Driving under Distraction Conditions,” in Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation: Part I, AHFE Conference, 2014.
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S. Petermeijer, P. Bazilinskyy, K. Bengler, and J. de Winter, “Take-over again: Investigating multimodal and directional TORs to get the driver back into the loop,” Applied Ergonomics, vol. 62, pp. 204–215, Jul. 2017.
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M. R. Endsley, “Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems,” Hum Factors, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 32–64, Mar. 1995.
[10]
A. Mukhopadhyay, V. K. Sharma, P. T. Gaikwad, A. K. Sandula, and P. Biswas, “Exploring the Use of XR Interfaces for Driver Assistance in Take Over Request,” in Adjunct Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, in AutomotiveUI ’22. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, Sep. 2022, pp. 58–61.
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T. Butmee, T. C. Lansdown, and G. H. Walker, “Alternative options for dealing with automation failures: Automated stopping vs. Taking over manual control,” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, vol. 88, pp. 248–257, Jul. 2022.
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T. Gruden, S. Tomažič, J. Sodnik, and G. Jakus, “A user study of directional tactile and auditory user interfaces for take-over requests in conditionally automated vehicles,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 174, p. 106766, Sep. 2022.
[13]
D. Shi, T. Wang, Y. Chen, and C. Liu, “Exploring the Effects of Request Time, Secondary Task, and Take-Over Mode on Take-Over Performance,” in 2021 6th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Engineering (ICITE 2021), Z. Zhang, Ed., in Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Singapore: Springer Nature, 2022, pp. 993–1006.
[14]
L. Pipkorn, M. Dozza, and E. Tivesten, “Driver Visual Attention Before and After Take-Over Requests During Automated Driving on Public Roads,” Hum Factors, p. 00187208221093863, Jun. 2022.

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    cover image ACM Conferences
    AutomotiveUI '23 Adjunct: Adjunct Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications
    September 2023
    382 pages
    ISBN:9798400701122
    DOI:10.1145/3581961
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the Owner/Author.

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    Published: 18 September 2023

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    Author Tags

    1. conditional driving automation
    2. crashes
    3. driving simulator
    4. take-over

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