Othmane Dahi
ABSTRACT
With the recent and unprecedented increase in demand for Cloud services, furtherly promoted by 5G, Edge computing is emerging as an indispensable technology. Tailored to mitigate the continuously growing load on Cloud data centers and cope with the rising proliferation of IoT (Internet of Things), Single Board Computers (SBCs), embedded systems, and microservices-based applications, edge computing is turning into an integral technology enabler in 5G. Arguably, most of edge microservices will be deployed using virtualization, and specifically using containers instead of VMs (Virtual Machines).
Dubbed 5G-MEC (Multi-Access Edge Computing), the 5G edge has to cope with 3 major services: eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broadband), mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communication), and URLLC (Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication). In this paper, we shed further light on the fundamentals of cloud edge computing and present the subtleties of deploying a real-world SBC-based distributed edge application. The latter is an AI-based application, embedding an image recognition microservice running in containers, deployed in Raspberry PI SBCs, and orchestrated using Kubernetes.
- M. Satyanarayanan, “Pervasive Computing: Vision and Challenges,” IEEE Personal Communication, pp. 10-17. Aug 2011.Google Scholar
- A. R. Dar and D. Ravindran, “A Comprehensive Study on Cloud Computing,” International Journal of Advance Research and Engineering (IJARSE), vol. 7, pp. 235–242, Apr. 2018.Google Scholar
- O. Achahbar, M. R. Abid, “The Impact of Virtualization on HPC Clustering in the Cloud”, International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies (IJDST), Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 65-81, 2015Google Scholar
- Birje, M. N., Challagidad, P. S., Goudar, R. H., & Tapale, M. T. (2017). Cloud computing review: Concepts, technology, challenges and security. International Journal of Cloud Computing, 6(1), 32–57. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCC.2017.083905Google ScholarCross Ref
- Satyanarayanan, M., Bahl, V., Caceres, R., & Davies, N. 2009. The Case for VM-based Cloudlets in Mobile Computing. IEEE Pervasive Computing. doi:10.1109/mprv.2009.64Google ScholarDigital Library
- ETSI. 2019. MEC 003 - V2.1.1 - Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC); Framework and Reference Architecture. 1, 1–21. https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/MEC/001_099/003/02.01.01_60/gs_MEC003v020101p.pdf. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022].Google Scholar
- Al-Debagy, O., & Martinek, P. 2018. A Comparative Review of Microservices and Monolithic Architectures. 18th IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics, CINTI 2018 - Proceedings, 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1109/CINTI.2018.8928192Google ScholarCross Ref
- I. M. A. Jawarneh , "Container Orchestration Engines: A Thorough Functional and Performance Comparison," ICC 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2019, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICC.2019.8762053.Google Scholar
- Pan, Yao & Chen, Ian & Brasileiro, Francisco & Jayaputera, Glenn & Sinnott, Richard. 2019. A Performance Comparison of Cloud-Based Container Orchestration Tools. 191-198. 10.1109/ICBK.2019.00033.Google Scholar
- T. X. Tran , “Collaborative Mobile Edge Computing in 5G Networks: New Paradigms, Scenarios, and Challenges,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 55, no. 4, Apr. 2017, pp. 54–61Google Scholar
- Kim, S., Yang, E., & Youn, C.-H. 2019. An Accelerated Edge Computing with a Container and Its Orchestration. 2019 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC). https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc46691.2019.8939853.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Morabito, R., Cozzolino, V., Ding, A. Y., Beijar, N., & Ott, J. 2018. Consolidate IoT Edge Computing with Lightweight Virtualization. IEEE Network, 32(1), 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2018.1700175Google ScholarCross Ref
- Chaudhry, S. R., Palade, A., Kazmi, A., & Clarke, S. 2020. Improved QoS at the Edge Using Serverless Computing to Deploy Virtual Network Functions. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(10), 10673–10683. https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3011057Google ScholarCross Ref
- Civolani, L., Pierre, G., & Bellavista, P. 2019. FogDocker. Proceedings of the 12th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing.Google Scholar
- Ma, L., Yi, S., Carter, N., & Li, Q. 2019. Efficient Live Migration of Edge Services Leveraging Container Layered Storage. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 18(9), 2020–2033.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Redmon, J., & Farhadi, A. 2018. Yolov3: An incremental improvement. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.02767.Google Scholar
- Patel, Chirag & Patel, Atul & Patel, Dharmendra. 2012. Optical Character Recognition by Open-source OCR Tool Tesseract: A Case Study. International Journal of Computer Applications. 55. 50-56. 10.5120/8794-2784.Google ScholarCross Ref
- M. R. Abid, K. Kaddouri, K. Smith, M. I. Elouadghiri, M. Gerndt, “Virtual Machines' Load-Balancing in Inter-clouds”, IEEE International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud Workshops (FiCloud), Aug 18-20, Vienna, Austria, 2016Google ScholarCross Ref
- P. Srivastava and R. Khan, “A review Paper on Cloud Computing,” International Journals of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 17–20, Jun. 2018.Google Scholar
- H.Yang and M. Tate, “A Descriptive Literature Review and Classification of Cloud Computing Research,” Communications of the Associations for Information Systems, vol. 31, no. 1, Jul. 2012.Google Scholar
- “Iaas vs paas vs saas,” CLOUD COMPUTING IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/cloud-computing/iaas-vs-paas-vs-saas. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022].Google Scholar
- N. Khalil, R. Abid, D. Benhaddou, M. Gerndt, “Wireless Sensor Networks for IoT (Internet of Things)”, The IEEE Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), April 21-24, Singapore, 2014.Google Scholar
- W. Shi, G. Pallis, and Z. Xu, “Edge Computing,” IEEE, vol. 107, Aug. 2019.Google Scholar
- Ding, Wei & Ghansah, Benjamin & Wu, Yan. 2015. Research on the Virtualization Technology in Cloud Computing Environment. International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa. 21. 191-196. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/JERA.21.191.Google ScholarCross Ref
- IBM Cloud Education, “containerization,” IBM, 23-Jun-2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/containerization. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022].Google Scholar
- C. Pahl, P. Jamshidi, and J. Soldani, “A Cloud Container Technologies: A State - of-the -Art-Review,” IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing, May 2017.Google Scholar
- N. Agrawal, “Understanding the docker internals,” Medium, 30-Jan-2017. [Online]. Available: https://medium.com/@BeNitinAgarwal/understanding-the-docker-internals-7ccb052ce9fe. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022]Google Scholar
- "Then and now: a brief history of single board computers," [Online]. Available: https://www.electronicspecifier.com/products/communications/then-and-now-a-brief-history-of-single-board-computers. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022].Google Scholar
- “Monolithic vs microservices architecture: The advantages of each,” AppDynamics, 21-Dec-2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.appdynamics.com/topics/microservices-vs-monolithic. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022]Google Scholar
- B. Wilson, “15 best container orchestration tools and services in 2021,” DevopsCube, 02-Jul-2021. [Online]. Available: https://devopscube.com/docker-container-clustering-tools/. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022]Google Scholar
- N. Heath, “Inside the Raspberry Pi: The story of the $35 computer that changed the world,” TechRepublic, 19-Dec-2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/inside-the-raspberry-pi-the-story-of-the-35-computer-that-changed-the-world/. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022]Google Scholar
- D. Takahashi, “How computing legend David braben schemed to create Elite: Dangerous and Raspberry Pi,” VentureBeat, 07-Jul-2016. [Online]. Available: https://venturebeat.com/2016/07/07/how-computing-legend-david-braben-schemed-to-create-elite-dangerous-and-raspberry-pi/. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022]Google Scholar
- “What is a Raspberry Pi?,” Opensource.com. [Online]. Available : https://opensource.com/resources/raspberry-pi. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022]Google Scholar
- J. Porter, “The most powerful Raspberry Pi now has 8GB of RAM,” The Verge, 28-May-2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/28/21272975/raspberry-pi-4-8gb-ram-mini-pc-browser-tabs-projects-64-bit-operating-system. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022]Google Scholar
- “What is Docker?” Opensource.com. [Online]. Available : https://opensource.com/resources/what-docker. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022]Google Scholar
- “Docker overview,” Docker Documentation, 30-Jul-2021. [Online]. Available: https://docs.docker.com/get-started/overview/. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022]Google Scholar
- “Repository and image names | artifact registry documentation,” Google. [Online]. Available: https://cloud.google.com/artifact-registry/docs/docker/names. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022]Google Scholar
- “Production-Grade container orchestration,” Kubernetes. [Online]. Available: https://kubernetes.io/. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022]Google Scholar
- “Installing kubeadm,” Kubernetes, 13-Sep-2021. [Online]. Available: https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/install-kubeadm/; [Last accessed: 6-17-2022]Google Scholar
- "MicroK8s - Introduction to MicroK8s: MicroK8s," [Online]. Available: https://microk8s.io/docs. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022].Google Scholar
- "MicroK8s - MicroK8s Add ons: MicroK8s," [Online]. Available : https://microk8s.io/docs/addons. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022].Google Scholar
- "K3s Architecture," [Online]. Available: https://rancher.com/docs/k3s/latest/en/architecture/. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022].Google Scholar
- "Installation Requirements," [Online]. Available: https://rancher.com/docs/k3s/latest/en/installation/installation-requirements/. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022].Google Scholar
- Kim, P. 2017. Convolutional Neural Network. MATLAB Deep Learning, 121–147. doi:10.1007/978-1-4842-2845-6_6Google Scholar
- "Will it cluster? k3s on your Raspberry Pi," [Online]. Available : https://blog.alexellis.io/test-drive-k3s-on-raspberry-pi/. [Last accessed: 6-17-2022].Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Microservices Containerization in SBCs (Single Board Computers): A Cloud Edge Computing Approach
Recommendations
Deviceless edge computing: extending serverless computing to the edge of the network
SYSTOR '17: Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Systems and Storage ConferenceThe serverless paradigm has been rapidly adopted by developers of cloud-native applications, mainly because it relieves them from the burden of provisioning, scaling and operating the underlying infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a novel ...
A Container-Driven Approach for Resource Provisioning in Edge-Fog Cloud
Algorithmic Aspects of Cloud ComputingAbstractWith the emerging Internet of Things (IoT), distributed systems enter a new era. While pervasive and ubiquitous computing already became reality with the use of the cloud, IoT networks present new challenges because the ever growing number of IoT ...
Supporting Multi-Provider Serverless Computing on the Edge
ICPP Workshops '18: Workshop Proceedings of the 47th International Conference on Parallel ProcessingServerless computing has recently emerged as a new execution model for cloud computing, in which service providers offer compute runtimes, also known as Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) platforms, allowing users to develop, execute and manage application ...
Comments