skip to main content
10.1145/3612783.3612789acmotherconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesinteraccionConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Explainable Facial Expression Recognition for People with Intellectual Disabilities

Published:18 January 2024Publication History

ABSTRACT

Facial expression recognition plays an important role in human behaviour, communication, and interaction. Recent neural networks have demonstrated to perform well at its automatic recognition, with different explainability techniques available to make them more transparent. In this work, we propose a facial expression recognition study for people with intellectual disabilities that would be integrated into a social robot. We train two well-known neural networks with five databases of facial expressions and test them with two databases containing people with and without intellectual disabilities. Finally, we study in which regions the models focus to perceive a particular expression using two different explainability techniques: LIME and RISE, assessing the differences when used on images containing disabled and non-disabled people.

References

  1. Ko, B. (2018). A brief review of facial emotion recognition based on visual information. sensors, 18(2), 401.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. Carroll, J. M., & Kjeldskov, J. (2013). The encyclopedia of human-computer interaction. 2nd. Ed. Interaction Design Foundation.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. Huang, W. (2015). When HCI Meets HRI: the intersection and distinction.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  4. Fong, T., Nourbakhsh, I., & Dautenhahn, K. (2003). A survey of socially interactive robots. Robotics and autonomous systems, 42(3-4), 143-166.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  5. Mitchell, A., Sitbon, L., Balasuriya, S.S., Koplick, S., Beaumont, C. (2021). Social Robots in Learning Experiences of Adults with Intellectual Disability: An Exploratory Study. Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2021. INTERACT 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 12932. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85623-6_17]Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  6. D. Silvera-Tawil and C. R. Yates, "Socially-Assistive Robots to Enhance Learning for Secondary Students with Intellectual Disabilities and Autism," 2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), 2018, pp. 838-843, doi: 10.1109/ROMAN.2018.8525743.]Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  7. Chowdary, M. K., Nguyen, T. N., & Hemanth, D. J. (2021). Deep learning-based facial emotion recognition for human–computer interaction applications. Neural Computing and Applications, 1-18.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. Generosi, A., Ceccacci, S., Faggiano, S., Giraldi, L., & Mengoni, M. (2020). A toolkit for the automatic analysis of human behavior in HCI applications in the wild. Adv. Sci. Technol. Eng. Syst. J, 5(6), 185-192.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  9. Martínez A, Belmonte LM, García AS, Fernández-Caballero A, Morales R. Facial Emotion Recognition from an Unmanned Flying Social Robot for Home Care of Dependent People. Electronics. 2021; 10(7):868. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070868Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  10. Ramis S, Buades JM, Perales FJ. Using a Social Robot to Evaluate Facial Expressions in the Wild. Sensors. 2020; 20(23):6716. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236716Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  11. K. Weitz, T. Hassan, U. Schmid, and J.-U. Garbas, “Deep-learned faces of pain and emotions: Elucidating the differences of facial expressions with the help of explainable AI methods,” Technisches Messen, vol. 86, no. 7–8, pp. 404–412, 2019.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  12. Ramis, S., Buades, J.M., Perales, F.J. et al. A Novel Approach to Cross dataset studies in Facial Expression Recognition. Multimed Tools Appl 81, 39507–39544 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13117-2Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  13. Ribeiro MT, Singh S, Guestrin C. “Why should I trust you?”: Explaining the predictions of any classifier," CoRR, vol. abs/1602.04938, 2016. http://arxiv.org/abs/1602.04938Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  14. A. Heimerl, K. Weitz, T. Baur, and E. Andre, “Unraveling ML Models of Emotion with NOVA: Multi-Level Explainable AI for Non-Experts,” IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2020.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. M. T. Ribeiro, S. Singh, and C. Guestrin, “‘Why Should I Trust You?’: Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier,” in Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2016, pp. 1135–1144.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. M. Alber , “iNNvestigate Neural Networks!,” Journal of Machine Learning Research, vol. 20, no. 93, pp. 1–8, 2019.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. Lucey P, Cohn JF, Kanade T (2010) The extended Cohn-Kanade dataset (CK+): A complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. In: 2010 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition -workshops, CVPRW 2010.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. Yin L, Wei X, Sun Y (2006) A 3D facial expression database for facial behavior research. In: FGR2006: proceedings of the 7th international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Lyons M, Kamachi M, Gyoba J (2017) Japanese female facial expression (JAFFE) database. Available:http://www.kasrl.org/jaffe.htmGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  20. Olszanowski M, Pochwatko G, Kuklinski K (2014) Warsaw set of emotional facial expression pictures:a validation study of facial display photographs. Front Psychol 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01516Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  21. Shukla, J., Barreda-Ángeles, M., Oliver, J., & Puig, D. (2016). MuDERI: Multimodal database for emotion recognition among intellectually disabled individuals. In Social Robotics: 8th International Conference, ICSR 2016, Kansas City, MO, USA, November 1-3, 2016 Proceedings 8 (pp. 264-273). Springer International Publishing.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  22. Lisani JL, Ramis S, Perales FJ (2017) A contrario detection of faces: a case example. SIAM J Imaging Sci10:2091–2118. https://doi.org/10.1137/17M1118774Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  23. Sagonas, C., Tzimiropoulos, G., Zafeiriou, S., & Pantic, M. (2013). 300 Faces in-the-wild challenge: The first facial landmark localization challenge. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (pp. 397-403).Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  24. Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton GE (2012) ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neuralnetworks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing SystemsGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  25. Simonyan, K., & Zisserman, A. (2014). Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  26. Arrieta, A. B., Díaz-Rodríguez, N., Del Ser, J., Bennetot, A., Tabik, S., Barbado, A., ... & Herrera, F. (2020). Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challenges toward responsible AI. Information fusion, 58, 82-115.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  27. Ribeiro, M. T., Singh, S., & Guestrin, C. (2016, August). " Why should i trust you?" Explaining the predictions of any classifier. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining (pp. 1135-1144).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  28. Petsiuk, V., Das, A., & Saenko, K. (2018). Rise: Randomized input sampling for explanation of black-box models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.07421.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  29. Achanta, R., Shaji, A., Smith, K., Lucchi, A., Fua, P., & Süsstrunk, S. (2010). Slic superpixels (No. REP_WORK).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar

Index Terms

  1. Explainable Facial Expression Recognition for People with Intellectual Disabilities
          Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.

          Recommendations

          Comments

          Login options

          Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

          Sign in
          • Article Metrics

            • Downloads (Last 12 months)27
            • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)3

            Other Metrics

          PDF Format

          View or Download as a PDF file.

          PDF

          eReader

          View online with eReader.

          eReader

          HTML Format

          View this article in HTML Format .

          View HTML Format