skip to main content
10.1145/3613904.3641947acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageschiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

EyeGuide & EyeConGuide: Gaze-based Visual Guides to Improve 3D Sketching Systems

Published: 11 May 2024 Publication History

Abstract

Visual guides help to align strokes and raise accuracy in Virtual Reality (VR) sketching tools. Automatic guides that appear at relevant sketching areas are convenient to have for a seamless sketching with a guide. We explore guides that exploit eye-tracking to render them adaptive to the user’s visual attention. EyeGuide and EyeConGuide cause visual grid fragments to appear spatially close to the user’s intended sketches, based on the information of the user’s eye-gaze direction and the 3D position of the hand. Here we evaluated the techniques in two user studies across simple and complex sketching objectives in VR. The results show that gaze-based guides have a positive effect on sketching accuracy, perceived usability and preference over manual activation in the tested tasks. Our research contributes to integrating gaze-contingent techniques for assistive guides and presents important insights into multimodal design applications in VR.

Supplemental Material

MP4 File - Video Preview
Video Preview
MP4 File - Video Presentation
Video Presentation
Transcript for: Video Presentation
MP4 File - Video showing EyeCon and EyeConGuide
This is a 5 minutes video that explains the issue, show the functionality of EyeCon and EyeConGuide,and present the study results
ZIP File - Additional User Study Results
RM ANOVA interaction results for average Task Completion and Shape Deviation for Study 1. Also, Study 2 Shape Analysis results.

References

[1]
Rahul Arora, Rubaiat Habib Kazi, Tovi Grossman, George Fitzmaurice, and Karan Singh. 2018. SymbiosisSketch: Combining 2D & 3D Sketching for Designing Detailed 3D Objects in Situ. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Montreal QC Canada, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173759
[2]
Rahul Arora, Rubaiat Habib Kazi, Fraser Anderson, Tovi Grossman, Karan Singh, and George Fitzmaurice. 2017. Experimental Evaluation of Sketching on Surfaces in VR. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colorado, USA) (CHI ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 5643–5654. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025474
[3]
A. Terry Bahill, Michael R. Clark, and Lawrence Stark. 1975. The Main Sequence, a Tool for Studying Human Eye Movements. Mathematical Biosciences 24, 3 (1975), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5564(75)90075-9
[4]
Mayra Donaji Barrera Machuca, Rahul Arora, Philipp Wacker, Daniel F. Keefe, and Johann Habakuk Israel. 2023. Interaction Devices and Techniques for 3D Sketching. In Interactive Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modelling for Design, Alexandra Bonnici and Kenneth P. Camilleri (Eds.). River Series in Document Engineering, Denmark, Chapter 8, 229–249.
[5]
Mayra Donaji Barrera Machuca, Paul Asente, Wolfgang Stuerzlinger, Jingwan Lu, and Byungmoon Kim. 2018. Multiplanes: Assisted Freehand VR Sketching. In Symposium on Spatial User Interaction (Berlin, Germany) (SUI ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1145/3267782.3267786
[6]
Mayra Donaji Barrera Machuca, Johann Habakuk Israel, Daniel F. Keefe, and Wolfgang Stuerzlinger. 2023. Toward More Comprehensive Evaluations of 3D Immersive Sketching, Drawing, and Painting. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (2023), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2023.3276291
[7]
Mayra Donaji Barrera Machuca and Wolfgang Stuerzlinger. 2019. The Effect of Stereo Display Deficiencies on Virtual Hand Pointing. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland UK) (CHI ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 207, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300437
[8]
Mayra Donaji Barrera Machuca, Wolfgang Stuerzlinger, and Paul Asente. 2019. The Effect of Spatial Ability on Immersive 3D Drawing. In Proceedings of the 2019 on Creativity and Cognition (San Diego, CA, USA) (C&C ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1145/3325480.3325489
[9]
Mayra Donaji Barrera Machuca, Wolfgang Stuerzlinger, and Paul Asente. 2019. Smart3DGuides: Making Unconstrained Immersive 3D Drawing More Accurate. In 25th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (Parramatta, NSW, Australia) (VRST ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 37, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359996.3364254
[10]
Anil Ufuk Batmaz, Mayra Donaji Barrera Machuca, Duc Minh Pham, and Wolfgang Stuerzlinger. 2019. Do Head-Mounted Display Stereo Deficiencies Affect 3D Pointing Tasks in AR and VR?. In 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). IEEE, Osaka, Japan, 585–592.
[11]
Anil Ufuk Batmaz, Mayra Donaji Barrera Machuca, Junwei Sun, and Wolfgang Stuerzlinger. 2022. The Effect of the Vergence-Accommodation Conflict on Virtual Hand Pointing in Immersive Displays. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New Orleans, LA, USA) (CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 633, 15 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3502067
[12]
Jonas Blattgerste, Patrick Renner, and Thies Pfeiffer. 2018. Advantages of Eye-Gaze over Head-Gaze-Based Selection in Virtual and Augmented Reality under Varying Field of Views. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Communication by Gaze Interaction (Warsaw, Poland) (COGAIN ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 1, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3206343.3206349
[13]
John Brooke. 1996. SUS: A ’Quick and Dirty’ Usability Scale. In Usability Evaluation In Industry. CRC Press, London.
[14]
Géry Casiez, Nicolas Roussel, and Daniel Vogel. 2012. 1 € Filter: A Simple Speed-Based Low-Pass Filter for Noisy Input in Interactive Systems. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Austin, Texas, USA) (CHI ’12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2527–2530. https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208639
[15]
Rebecca Chamberlain, Howard Riley, Chris McManus, Qona Rankin, and Nicola Brunswick. 2011. The Perceptual Foundations of Drawing Ability. In Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium on Drawing, Cognition and Education. Loughborough University, UK, 95–10.
[16]
Mon-Chu Chen, Yi-Ching Huang, and Kuan-Ying Wu. 2014. Gaze-Based Drawing Assistant. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2014 Posters (Vancouver, Canada) (SIGGRAPH ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 50, 1 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2614217.2614277
[17]
Ruben Coen-Cagli, Paolo Coraggio, Paolo Napoletano, Odelia Schwartz, Mario Ferraro, and Giuseppe Boccignone. 2009. Visuomotor Characterization of Eye Movements in a Drawing Task. Vision Research 49, 8 (2009), 810–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2009.02.016
[18]
Douglas Cooper. 2018. Imagination’s Hand: The Role of Gesture in Design Drawing. Design Studies 54 (2018), 120–139. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142694X17300790
[19]
Michael F. Deering. 1995. HoloSketch: A Virtual Reality Sketching/Animation Tool. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 2, 3 (sep 1995), 220–238. https://doi.org/10.1145/210079.210087
[20]
Tobias Drey, Jan Gugenheimer, Julian Karlbauer, Maximilian Milo, and Enrico Rukzio. 2020. VRSketchIn: Exploring the Design Space of Pen and Tablet Interaction for 3D Sketching in Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Honolulu, HI, USA) (CHI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376628
[21]
Tobias Drey, Michael Montag, Andrea Vogt, Nico Rixen, Tina Seufert, Steffi Zander, Michael Rietzler, and Enrico Rukzio. 2023. Investigating the Effects of Individual Spatial Abilities on Virtual Reality Object Manipulation. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Hamburg, Germany) (CHI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 398, 24 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581004
[22]
Ruth B. Ekstrom, John W. French, Harry H. Harman, and Diran Dermen. 1976. Manual for Kit of Factor-Referenced Cognitive Tests. Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ. 117 pages.
[23]
Hesham Elsayed, Mayra Donaji Barrera Machuca, Christian Schaarschmidt, Karola Marky, Florian Müller, Jan Riemann, Andrii Matviienko, Martin Schmitz, Martin Weigel, and Max Mühlhäuser. 2020. VRSketchPen: Unconstrained Haptic Assistance for Sketching in Virtual 3D Environments. In 26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (Virtual Event, Canada) (VRST ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 3, 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3418953
[24]
Michele Fiorentino, Giuseppe Monno, Pietro Alexander Renzulli, Antonio E. Uva, D. Dis, and Politecnico di Bari. 2003. 3D Sketch Stroke Segmentation and Fitting in Virtual Reality. In International Conference on the Computer Graphics and Vision. iadis, Czech Republic, 8.
[25]
Emma Gowen and R. Chris Miall. 2006. Eye–Hand Interactions in Tracing and Drawing Tasks. Human Movement Science 25, 4 (2006), 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2006.06.005 Advances in Graphonomics: Studies on Fine Motor Control, Its Development and Disorders.
[26]
Tovi Grossman, Ravin Balakrishnan, Gordon Kurtenbach, George Fitzmaurice, Azam Khan, and Bill Buxton. 2002. Creating Principal 3D Curves with Digital Tape Drawing. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) (CHI ’02). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1145/503376.503398
[27]
Joseph F. Hair Jr, William C. Black, Barry J. Babin, and Rolph E. Anderson. 2014. Multivariate Data Analysis.
[28]
Sandra G. Hart. 2006. NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX); 20 Years Later. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 50, 9 (2006), 904–908.
[29]
Sandra G. Hart and Lowell E. Staveland. 1988. Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research. In Advances in Psychology. Vol. 52. Elsevier, USA, 139–183.
[30]
Yanfei Hu Fleischhauer, Hemant Bhaskar Surale, Florian Alt, and Ken Pfeuffer. 2023. Gaze-Based Mode-Switching to Enhance Interaction with Menus on Tablets. In Proceedings of the 2023 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (Tubingen, Germany) (ETRA ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 7, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3588015.3588409
[31]
Bret Jackson and Daniel F. Keefe. 2016. Lift-Off: Using Reference Imagery and Freehand Sketching to Create 3D Models in VR. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 22, 4 (2016), 1442–1451. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2016.2518099
[32]
Ying Jiang, Congyi Zhang, Hongbo Fu, Alberto Cannavò, Fabrizio Lamberti, Henry Y K Lau, and Wenping Wang. 2021. HandPainter - 3D Sketching in VR with Hand-Based Physical Proxy. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 412, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445302
[33]
Iestyn Jowers, Miquel Prats, Alison McKay, and Steve Garner. 2013. Evaluating an Eye Tracking Interface for a Two-Dimensional Sketch Editor. Computer-Aided Design 45, 5 (2013), 923–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2013.01.006
[34]
Daniel F. Keefe, Robert Zeleznik, and David Laidlaw. 2007. Drawing on Air: Input Techniques for Controlled 3D Line Illustration. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 13, 5 (2007), 1067–1081. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2007.1060
[35]
Kin Chung Kwan and Hongbo Fu. 2019. Mobi3DSketch: 3D Sketching in Mobile AR. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland UK) (CHI ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300406
[36]
Joseph J. Laviola, Sarah Buchanan, and Corey R. Pittman. 2014. Multimodal Input for Perceptual User Interfaces. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, UK, Chapter 9, 285–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118706237.ch9
[37]
Diako Mardanbegi, Benedikt Mayer, Ken Pfeuffer, Shahram Jalaliniya, Hans Gellersen, and Alexander Perzl. 2019. EyeSeeThrough: Unifying Tool Selection and Application in Virtual Environments. In 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). IEEE, Osaka, Japan, 474–483. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2019.8797988
[38]
I. C. McManus, Phik-Wern Loo, Rebecca Chamberlain, Howard Riley, and Nicola Brunswick. 2011. Does Shape Constancy Relate to Drawing Ability? Two Failures to Replicate. Empirical Studies of the Arts 29, 2 (2011), 191–208. https://doi.org/10.2190/EM.29.2.d
[39]
Alfred Oti and Nathan Crilly. 2021. Immersive 3D Sketching Tools: Implications for Visual Thinking and Communication. Computers & Graphics 94 (2021), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2020.10.007
[40]
Ken Pfeuffer, Jason Alexander, Ming Ki Chong, Yanxia Zhang, and Hans Gellersen. 2015. Gaze-Shifting: Direct-Indirect Input with Pen and Touch Modulated by Gaze. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software & Technology (Charlotte, NC, USA) (UIST ’15). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1145/2807442.2807460
[41]
Ken Pfeuffer, Benedikt Mayer, Diako Mardanbegi, and Hans Gellersen. 2017. Gaze + Pinch Interaction in Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Spatial User Interaction (Brighton, United Kingdom) (SUI ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1145/3131277.3132180
[42]
Ken Pfeuffer, Lukas Mecke, Sarah Delgado Rodriguez, Mariam Hassib, Hannah Maier, and Florian Alt. 2020. Empirical Evaluation of Gaze-Enhanced Menus in Virtual Reality. In 26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (Virtual Event, Canada) (VRST ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 20, 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3418962
[43]
Alexander Plopski, Teresa Hirzle, Nahal Norouzi, Long Qian, Gerd Bruder, and Tobias Langlotz. 2022. The Eye in Extended Reality: A Survey on Gaze Interaction and Eye Tracking in Head-Worn Extended Reality. ACM Comput. Surv. 55, 3, Article 53 (mar 2022), 39 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491207
[44]
Hugo Romat, Andreas Fender, Manuel Meier, and Christian Holz. 2021. Flashpen: A High-Fidelity and High-Precision Multi-Surface Pen for Virtual Reality. In 2021 IEEE Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) (Lisboa, Portugal). IEEE, virtual, 306–315. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR50410.2021.00053
[45]
Enrique Rosales, Chrystiano Araújo, Jafet Rodriguez, Nicholas Vining, Dongwook Yoon, and Alla Sheffer. 2021. AdaptiBrush: Adaptive General and Predictable VR Ribbon Brush. ACM Trans. Graph. 40, 6, Article 247 (Dec 2021), 15 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3478513.3480511
[46]
Jeff Sauro and James R. Lewis. 2016. Quantifying the User Experience: Practical Statistics for User Research. Morgan Kaufmann, USA.
[47]
Ben Shneiderman, Catherine Plaisant, and Maxine Cohen. 2016. Designing the User Interface (6th ed.). Pearson, USA. 616 pages.
[48]
Ludwig Sidenmark and Hans Gellersen. 2019. Eye, Head and Torso Coordination During Gaze Shifts in Virtual Reality. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 27, 1, Article 4 (Dec 2019), 40 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3361218
[49]
Lingyun Sun, Wei Xiang, Chunlei Chai, Zhiyuan Yang, and Kejun Zhang. 2014. Designers’ Perception During Sketching: An Examination of Creative Segment Theory Using Eye Movements. Design Studies 35, 6 (2014), 593–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2014.04.004
[50]
John Tchalenko. 2007. Eye Movements in Drawing Simple Lines. Perception 36, 8 (2007), 1152–1167. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5544 17972480.
[51]
John Tchalenko. 2009. Segmentation and Accuracy in Copying and Drawing: Experts and Beginners. Vision Research 49, 8 (2009), 791–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2009.02.012
[52]
Rumeysa Türkmen, Ken Pfeuffer, Mayra Donaji Barrera Machuca, Anil Ufuk Batmaz, and Hans Gellersen. 2022. Exploring Discrete Drawing Guides to Assist Users in Accurate Mid-Air Sketching in VR. In Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New Orleans, LA, USA) (CHI EA ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 276, 7 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519737
[53]
Roel Vertegaal. 2003. Session details: Attentive User Interfaces. Commun. ACM 46, 3 (mar 2003). https://doi.org/10.1145/3263733
[54]
Philipp Wacker, Oliver Nowak, Simon Voelker, and Jan Borchers. 2019. ARPen: Mid-Air Object Manipulation Techniques for a Bimanual AR System with Pen & Smartphone. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland UK) (CHI ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300849
[55]
Eeva Wiese, Johann Habakuk Israel, Achim Meyer, and Sara Bongartz. 2010. Investigating the Learnability of Immersive Free-Hand Sketching. In Seventh Sketch-based Interfaces and Modeling Symposium (Annecy, France) (SBIM ’10). Eurographics Association, Goslar, DEU, 135–142.
[56]
Jacob O. Wobbrock, Leah Findlater, Darren Gergle, and James J. Higgins. 2011. The Aligned Rank Transform for Nonparametric Factorial Analyses Using Only ANOVA Procedures. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (CHI ’11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 143–146. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1978963
[57]
Difeng Yu, Xueshi Lu, Rongkai Shi, Hai-Ning Liang, Tilman Dingler, Eduardo Velloso, and Jorge Goncalves. 2021. Gaze-Supported 3D Object Manipulation in Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 734, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445343
[58]
Xue Yu, Stephen DiVerdi, Akshay Sharma, and Yotam Gingold. 2021. ScaffoldSketch: Accurate Industrial Design Drawing in VR. In The 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Virtual Event, USA) (UIST ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 372–384. https://doi.org/10.1145/3472749.3474756
[59]
Ya-Ting Yue, Xiaolong Zhang, Yongliang Yang, Gang Ren, Yi-King Choi, and Wenping Wang. 2017. WireDraw: 3D Wire Sculpturing Guided with Mixed Reality. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colorado, USA) (CHI ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3693–3704. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025792
[60]
Shumin Zhai, Carlos Morimoto, and Steven Ihde. 1999. Manual and Gaze Input Cascaded (MAGIC) Pointing. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA) (CHI ’99). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1145/302979.303053

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences
CHI '24: Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
May 2024
18961 pages
ISBN:9798400703300
DOI:10.1145/3613904
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 11 May 2024

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Badges

Author Tags

  1. 3D Sketching
  2. 3D User Interface
  3. Eye-Gaze
  4. VR

Qualifiers

  • Research-article
  • Research
  • Refereed limited

Conference

CHI '24

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 6,199 of 26,314 submissions, 24%

Upcoming Conference

CHI 2025
ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
April 26 - May 1, 2025
Yokohama , Japan

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • 0
    Total Citations
  • 1,236
    Total Downloads
  • Downloads (Last 12 months)1,236
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)350
Reflects downloads up to 05 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

Citations

View Options

Login options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Full Text

View this article in Full Text.

Full Text

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

HTML Format

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media