skip to main content
10.1145/3613904.3642086acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageschiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Uncovering and Addressing Blink-Related Challenges in Using Eye Tracking for Interactive Systems

Published: 11 May 2024 Publication History

Abstract

Currently, interactive systems use physiological sensing to enable advanced functionalities. While eye tracking is a promising means to understand the user, eye tracking data inherently suffers from missing data due to blinks, which may result in reduced system performance. We conducted a literature review to understand how researchers deal with this issue. We uncovered that researchers often implemented their use-case-specific pipeline to overcome the issue, ranging from ignoring missing data to artificial interpolation. With these first insights, we run a large-scale analysis on 11 publicly available datasets to understand the impact of the various approaches on data quality and accuracy. By this, we highlight the pitfalls in data processing and which methods work best. Based on our results, we provide guidelines for handling eye tracking data for interactive systems. Further, we propose a standard data processing pipeline that allows researchers and practitioners to pre-process and standardize their data efficiently.

Supplemental Material

MP4 File - Video Preview
Video Preview
MP4 File - Video Presentation
Video Presentation
Transcript for: Video Presentation
ZIP File - Analysis Scripts
These are the analysis scripts we used for applying the lessons from the literature review to the open data sets marked logically in the different steps. Please find the living document at https://eyetrackingguidelines.github.io to see if there are updates, comments, or other issues.

References

[1]
Yasmeen Abdrabou, Yomna Abdelrahman, Mohamed Khamis, and Florian Alt. 2021. Think Harder! Investigating the Effect of Password Strength on Cognitive Load during Password Creation. In Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI EA ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451636
[2]
Larry A Abel, B Todd Troost, and Louis F Dell’Osso. 1983. The effects of age on normal saccadic characteristics and their variability. Vision research 23, 1 (1983), 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(83)90038-X
[3]
Alejandro Acien, Aythami Morales, Ruben Vera-Rodriguez, and Julian Fierrez. 2020. Smartphone Sensors for Modeling Human-Computer Interaction: General Outlook and Research Datasets for User Authentication. In 2020 IEEE 44th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference(COMPSAC). IEEE, Madrid, Spain, 1273–1278. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMPSAC48688.2020.00-81
[4]
Abdul Rafey Aftab, Michael von der Beeck, and Michael Feld. 2020. You Have a Point There: Object Selection Inside an Automobile Using Gaze, Head Pose and Finger Pointing. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction(ICMI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 595–603. https://doi.org/10.1145/3382507.3418836
[5]
Abdul Rafey Aftab, Michael Von Der Beeck, Steven Rohrhirsch, Benoit Diotte, and Michael Feld. 2021. Multimodal Fusion Using Deep Learning Applied to Driver’s Referencing of Outside-Vehicle Objects. In 2021 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, New York, 1108–1115. https://doi.org/10.1109/IV48863.2021.9575815
[6]
Sarmad Al-Gawwam and Mohammed Benaissa. 2017. Eye Blink Detection Using Facial Features Tracker. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Bioinformatics Research and Applications 2017 - ICBRA 2017. ACM Press, Barcelona, Spain, 27–30. https://doi.org/10.1145/3175587.3175588
[7]
Ahmed Al-Hindawi, Marcela Vizcaychipi, and Yiannis Demiris. 2022. Faster, Better Blink Detection through Curriculum Learning by Augmentation. In 2022 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications. ACM, Seattle WA USA, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3517031.3529617
[8]
Qasim Ali, Are Dæhlen, Ilona Heldal, and Carsten Gunnar Helgesen. 2022. Development of Vision Screening Tool in Virtual Reality: A Usability Assessment Study. In 2022 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/EHB55594.2022.9991705
[9]
Roland Alonso, Mickaël Causse, François Vachon, Robert Parise, Frédéric Dehais, and Patrice Terrier. 2013. Evaluation of head-free eye tracking as an input device for air traffic control. Ergonomics 56, 2 (Feb. 2013), 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2012.744473
[10]
Sonja Annerer-Walcher, Simon M Ceh, Felix Putze, Marvin Kampen, Christof Körner, and Mathias Benedek. 2021. How reliably do eye parameters indicate internal versus external attentional focus?Cognitive Science 45, 4 (2021), e12977. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12977
[11]
Tobias Appel, Thiago Santini, and Enkelejda Kasneci. 2016. Brightness- and motion-based blink detection for head-mounted eye trackers. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct. ACM, Heidelberg Germany, 1726–1735. https://doi.org/10.1145/2968219.2968341
[12]
Tobias Appel, Christian Scharinger, Peter Gerjets, and Enkelejda Kasneci. 2018. Cross-Subject Workload Classification Using Pupil-Related Measures. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (Warsaw, Poland) (ETRA ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 4, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204531
[13]
Tobias Appel, Natalia Sevcenko, Franz Wortha, Katerina Tsarava, Korbinian Moeller, Manuel Ninaus, Enkelejda Kasneci, and Peter Gerjets. 2019. Predicting Cognitive Load in an Emergency Simulation Based on Behavioral and Physiological Measures. In 2019 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction(ICMI ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1145/3340555.3353735
[14]
Mohammed Safayet Arefin, J. Edward Swan II, Russell A. Cohen Hoffing, and Steven M. Thurman. 2022. Estimating Perceptual Depth Changes with Eye Vergence and Interpupillary Distance Using an Eye Tracker in Virtual Reality. In 2022 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications(ETRA ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3517031.3529632
[15]
Majid Arianezhad, L. Jean Camp, Timothy Kelley, and Douglas Stebila. 2013. Comparative Eye Tracking of Experts and Novices in Web Single Sign-On. In Proceedings of the Third ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy (San Antonio, Texas, USA) (CODASPY ’13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1145/2435349.2435362
[16]
Sarker Monojit Asish, Arun K. Kulshreshth, and Christoph W. Borst. 2022. User Identification Utilizing Minimal Eye-Gaze Features in Virtual Reality Applications. Virtual Worlds 1, 1, 42–61. https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds1010004
[17]
Ebrahim Babaei, Benjamin Tag, Tilman Dingler, and Eduardo Velloso. 2021. A Critique of Electrodermal Activity Practices at CHI. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 177, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445370
[18]
Areej Babiker, Ibrahima Faye, and Aamir Malik. 2013. Pupillary Behavior in Positive and Negative Emotions. In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing Applications. IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 379–383. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSIPA.2013.6708037
[19]
Tanya Bafna, John Paulin Paulin Hansen, and Per Baekgaard. 2020. Cognitive Load during Eye-typing. In ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications(ETRA ’20 Full Papers). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/3379155.3391333
[20]
E. Bekele, J. Wade, D. Bian, J. Fan, Amy Swanson, Z. Warren, and N. Sarkar. 2016. Multimodal Adaptive Social Interaction in Virtual Environment (MASI-VR) for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). In 2016 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2016.7504695
[21]
Esubalew Bekele, Zhi Zheng, Amy Swanson, Julie Crittendon, Zachary Warren, and Nilanjan Sarkar. 2013. Understanding How Adolescents with Autism Respond to Facial Expressions in Virtual Reality Environments. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 19, 4 (2013), 711–720. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2013.42
[22]
Luis M. Bergasa, Jesús Nuevo, Miguel Angel Sotelo, Rafael Barea, and M. Elena Lopez. 2006. Real-Time System for Monitoring Driver Vigilance. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 7, 1 (March 2006), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2006.869598
[23]
Joanna Bergström, Tor-Salve Dalsgaard, Jason Alexander, and Kasper Hornbæk. 2021. How to Evaluate Object Selection and Manipulation in VR? Guidelines from 20 Years of Studies. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (, Yokohama, Japan,) (CHI ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 533, 20 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445193
[24]
Nilavra Bhattacharya, Somnath Rakshit, and Jacek Gwizdka. 2020. Towards Real-Time Webpage Relevance Prediction UsingConvex Hull Based Eye-Tracking Features. In ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (Stuttgart, Germany) (ETRA ’20 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 28, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3379157.3391302
[25]
Robert E. Bixler and Sidney K. D’Mello. 2021. Crossed Eyes: Domain Adaptation for Gaze-Based Mind Wandering Models. In ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications(ETRA ’21 Full Papers). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3448017.3457386
[26]
WP Blount. 1927. Studies of the movements of the eyelids of animals: blinking. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology: Translation and Integration 18, 2 (1927), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872089403600209
[27]
Indu P. Bodala, Nida I. Abbasi, Yu Sun, Anastasios Bezerianos, Hasan Al-Nashash, and Nitish V. Thakor. 2017. Measuring Vigilance Decrement Using Computer Vision Assisted Eye Tracking in Dynamic Naturalistic Environments. In 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 2478–2481. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2017.8037359
[28]
Riccardo Brambilla, Francesco Onorati, Vincenzo Russo, Maurizio Mauri, Lorenzo Magrassi, Luca T. Mainardi, and Riccardo Barbieri. 2018. A Stimulus-Response Processing Framework for Pupil Dynamics Assessment during Iso-Luminant Stimuli. In 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 400–403. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2018.8512325
[29]
Gianni Bremer, Niklas Stein, and Markus Lappe. 2022. Do They Look Where They Go? Gaze Classification During Walking. https://openreview.net/forum?id=XP0k6ToFK7t
[30]
Gianni Bremer, Niklas Stein, and Markus Lappe. 2023. Machine Learning Prediction of Locomotion Intention from Walking and Gaze Data. International Journal of Semantic Computing 17, 01 (March 2023), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793351X22490010
[31]
Jeffrey B Brookings, Glenn F Wilson, and Carolyne R Swain. 1996. Psychophysiological responses to changes in workload during simulated air traffic control. Biological psychology 42, 3 (1996), 361–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(95)05167-8
[32]
Frank Broz, Hagen Lehmann, Chrystopher L. Nehaniv, and Kerstin Dautenhahn. 2012. Mutual Gaze, Personality, and Familiarity: Dual Eye-Tracking during Conversation. In 2012 IEEE RO-MAN: The 21st IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 858–864. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2012.6343859
[33]
Tobias Bär, Jan Felix Reuter, and J. Marius Zöllner. 2012. Driver head pose and gaze estimation based on multi-template ICP 3-D point cloud alignment. In 2012 15th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems. IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1797–1802. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2012.6338678
[34]
Nora Castner, Enkelejda Kasneci, Thomas Kübler, Katharina Scheiter, Juliane Richter, Thérése Eder, Fabian Hüttig, and Constanze Keutel. 2018. Scanpath Comparison in Medical Image Reading Skills of Dental Students: Distinguishing Stages of Expertise Development. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (Warsaw, Poland) (ETRA ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 39, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204550
[35]
Natalia Chitalkina. 2019. When You Don’t See What You Expect: Incongruence in Music and Source Code Reading. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (Denver, Colorado) (ETRA ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 47, 3 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314111.3322866
[36]
Alessandro Cierro, Thibault Philippette, Thomas Francois, Sebastien Nahon, and Patrick Watrin. 2020. Eye-Tracking for Sense of Immersion and Linguistic Complexity in the Skyrim Game: Issues and Perspectives. In ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (Stuttgart, Germany) (ETRA ’20 Short Papers). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 60, 5 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3379156.3391836
[37]
Andy Cockburn, Carl Gutwin, and Alan Dix. 2018. HARK No More: On the Preregistration of CHI Experiments. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173715
[38]
Michael J. Cole, Chathra Hendahewa, Nicholas J. Belkin, and Chirag Shah. 2015. User Activity Patterns During Information Search. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 33, 1, Article 1 (mar 2015), 39 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2699656
[39]
Han Collewijn, Johannes Van Der Steen, and Robert M. Steinman. 1985. Human eye movements associated with blinks and prolonged eyelid closure. Journal of neurophysiology 54, 1 (1985), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.54.1.11
[40]
Michael Collins, Rhonda Seeto, Louella Campbell, and Murray Ross. 1989. Blinking and corneal sensitivity. Acta ophthalmologica 67, 5 (1989), 525–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1989.tb04103.x
[41]
Lorenza S Colzato, Heleen A Slagter, Wery PM van den Wildenberg, and Bernhard Hommel. 2009. Closing one’s eyes to reality: Evidence for a dopaminergic basis of psychoticism from spontaneous eye blink rates. Personality and Individual Differences 46, 3 (2009), 377–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.017
[42]
Ricardo Couceiro, Gonçalo Duarte, João Durães, João Castelhano, Catarina Duarte, Cesar Teixeira, Miguel Castelo Branco, Paulo Carvalho, and Henrique Madeira. 2019. Pupillography as Indicator of Programmers’ Mental Effort and Cognitive Overload. In 2019 49th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 638–644. https://doi.org/10.1109/DSN.2019.00069
[43]
Flávio Luiz Coutinho and Carlos H. Morimoto. 2012. Augmenting the Robustness of Cross-Ratio Gaze Tracking Methods to Head Movement. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (Santa Barbara, California) (ETRA ’12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1145/2168556.2168565
[44]
Jonathan Currie, Raymond R. Bond, Paul McCullagh, Pauline Black, Dewar D. Finlay, and Aaron Peace. 2018. Eye Tracking the Visual Attention of Nurses Interpreting Simulated Vital Signs Scenarios: Mining Metrics to Discriminate Between Performance Level. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 48, 2 (2018), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1109/THMS.2017.2754880
[45]
Emanuela L. Dan, Mihaela Dînşoreanu, and Raul C. Mureşan. 2020. Accuracy of Six Interpolation Methods Applied on Pupil Diameter Data. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Automation, Quality and Testing, Robotics (AQTR). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/AQTR49680.2020.9129915
[46]
Filip Dechterenko and Jiri Lukavsky. 2014. Models of Eye Movements in Multiple Object Tracking with Many Objects. In 2014 5th European Workshop on Visual Information Processing (EUVIP). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/EUVIP.2014.7018375
[47]
Michael J Doughty and Taher Naase. 2006. Further analysis of the human spontaneous eye blink rate by a cluster analysis-based approach to categorize individuals with ‘normal’versus ‘frequent’eye blink activity. Eye & contact lens 32, 6 (2006), 294–299. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.icl.0000224359.32709.4d
[48]
Heiko Drewes and Albrecht Schmidt. 2007. Interacting with the Computer Using Gaze Gestures. In Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2007. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 475–488.
[49]
Heiko Drewes and Albrecht Schmidt. 2007. Interacting with the Computer Using Gaze Gestures. In Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2007. Vol. 4663. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74800-7_43 Series Title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
[50]
Andrew T. Duchowski, Donald H. House, Jordan Gestring, Robert Congdon, Lech undefinedwirski, Neil A. Dodgson, Krzysztof Krejtz, and Izabela Krejtz. 2014. Comparing Estimated Gaze Depth in Virtual and Physical Environments. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (Safety Harbor, Florida) (ETRA ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578168
[51]
Morten Lund Dybdal, Javier San Agustin, and John Paulin Hansen. 2012. Gaze input for mobile devices by dwell and gestures. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications. ACM, Santa Barbara California, 225–228. https://doi.org/10.1145/2168556.2168601
[52]
Inger Ekman, Antti Poikola, Meeri Mäkäräinen, Tapio Takala, and Perttu Hämäläinen. 2008. Voluntary Pupil Size Change as Control in Eyes Only Interaction. In Proceedings of the 2008 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (Savannah, Georgia) (ETRA ’08). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 115–118. https://doi.org/10.1145/1344471.1344501
[53]
Julie Epelboim and Patrick Suppes. 2001. A model of eye movements and visual working memory during problem solving in geometry. Vision research 41, 12 (2001), 1561–1574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(00)00256-X
[54]
Augusto Esteves, Eduardo Velloso, Andreas Bulling, and Hans Gellersen. 2015. Orbits: Gaze Interaction for Smart Watches using Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software & Technology (Charlotte, NC, USA) (UIST ’15). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 457–466. https://doi.org/10.1145/2807442.2807499
[55]
Victor Fajnzylber, Larry González, Pedro Maldonado, Rafael Del Villar, Rodrigo Yáñez, Samuel Madariaga, Milán Magdics, and Mateu Sbert. 2017. Augmented Film Narrative by Use of Non-Photorealistic Rendering. In 2017 International Conference on 3D Immersion (IC3D). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC3D.2017.8251912
[56]
Irving Fatt and Barry A Weissman. 2013. Physiology of the Eye: An Introduction to the Vegetative Functions. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom. https://books.google.de/books?id=H2OfAgAAQBAJ
[57]
Sascha Feder, Alexandra Bendixen, and Wolfgang Einhäuser. 2022. A hybrid control strategy for capturing cognitive processes in virtual reality (VR) in a natural and efficient way. In 2022 IEEE 9th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Virtual Environments for Measurement Systems and Applications (CIVEMSA). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/CIVEMSA53371.2022.9853646
[58]
Marcela Fejtová, Jan Fejt, and Lenka Lhotská. 2004. Controlling a PC by Eye Movements: The MEMREC Project. In ICCHP(Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3118). Springer, Berlin, Germany, 770–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27817-7_114
[59]
Anna-Maria Felßberg and Isabel Dombrowe. 2018. The effect of different brightness conditions on visually and memory guided saccades. Vision Research 142 (2018), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2017.10.004
[60]
Mingwang Feng, Rong Fan, Chao Liu, Tianyi Gao, Zheng Wang, and Rencheng Zheng. 2020. Influence of Vehicle Speeds in Curve Driving on Pupil Diameters of Drivers. In 2020 4th CAA International Conference on Vehicular Control and Intelligence (CVCI). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 777–780. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVCI51460.2020.9338528
[61]
Yunlong Feng, Gene Cheung, Wai-tian Tan, Patrick Le Callet, and Yusheng Ji. 2013. Low-Cost Eye Gaze Prediction System for Interactive Networked Video Streaming. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 15, 8 (Dec. 2013), 1865–1879. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMM.2013.2272918
[62]
Joshua J Foster, David W Sutterer, John T Serences, Edward K Vogel, and Edward Awh. 2017. Alpha-band oscillations enable spatially and temporally resolved tracking of covert spatial attention. Psychological science 28, 7 (2017), 929–941. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617699167
[63]
Javier Galbally, Sebastien Marcel, and Julian Fierrez. 2014. Biometric Antispoofing Methods: A Survey in Face Recognition. IEEE Access 2 (2014), 1530–1552. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2014.2381273
[64]
Rahul Gavas, Debatri Chatterjee, and Aniruddha Sinha. 2017. Estimation of Cognitive Load Based on the Pupil Size Dilation. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1499–1504. https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2017.8122826
[65]
Andrew Gelman and Donald B. Rubin. 1992. Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences. Statistical science 7, 4 (1992), 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1177011136
[66]
Martinho Gonçalves, Tânia Rocha, Luís Magalhães, Emanuel Peres, Maximino Bessa, and Alan Chalmers. 2011. Identifying Different Visual Patterns in Web Users Behaviour. In Proceedings of the 27th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics (Viničné, Slovak Republic) (SCCG ’11). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1145/2461217.2461231
[67]
Lukas Greiter, Christoph Strauch, and Anke Huckauf. 2018. Pupil Responses Signal Less Inhibition for Own Relative to Other Names. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications(ETRA ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204576
[68]
Jesse W. Grootjen, Henrike Weingärtner, and Sven Mayer. 2023. Highlighting the Challenges of Blinks in Eye Tracking for Interactive Systems. In Proceedings of the 2023 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (Tubingen, Germany) (ETRA ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 63, 7 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3588015.3589202
[69]
Nishan Gunawardena, Michael Matscheko, Bernhard Anzengruber, Alois Ferscha, Martin Schobesberger, Andreas Shamiyeh, Bettina Klugsberger, and Peter Solleder. 2019. Assessing Surgeons’ Skill Level in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Using Eye Metrics. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications(ETRA ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314111.3319832
[70]
Jacek Gwizdka. 2014. Characterizing Relevance with Eye-Tracking Measures. In Proceedings of the 5th Information Interaction in Context Symposium(IIiX ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1145/2637002.2637011
[71]
Kanghang He, Cheng Yang, Vladimir Stankovic, and Lina Stankovic. 2017. Graph-based clustering for identifying region of interest in eye tracker data analysis. In 2017 IEEE 19th International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/MMSP.2017.8122264
[72]
Javier Hernandez-Ortega, Julian Fierrez, Aythami Morales, and Javier Galbally. 2019. Introduction to Face Presentation Attack Detection. In Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92627-8_9 Series Title: Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.
[73]
Javier Hernandez-Ortega, Shigenori Nagae, Julian Fierrez, and Aythami Morales. 2019. Quality-based Pulse Estimation from NIR Face Video with Application to Driver Monitoring. http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.06568 arXiv:1905.06568 [cs, eess].
[74]
Imali T. Hettiarachchi, Samer Hanoun, Rakesh Veerabhadrappa, Dawei Jia, Simon Hosking, and Asim Bhatti. 2021. Performance Quantification and Heart Rate Analysis in A Repeated-trial Simulation-based Training Task. In 2021 IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/SysCon48628.2021.9447147
[75]
Linda Hirsch, Jingyi Li, Sven Mayer, and Andreas Butz. 2022. A Survey of Natural Design for Interaction. In Proceedings of Mensch Und Computer 2022 (Darmstadt, Germany) (MuC ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 240–254. https://doi.org/10.1145/3543758.3543773
[76]
Teresa Hirzle, Fabian Fischbach, Julian Karlbauer, Pascal Jansen, Jan Gugenheimer, Enrico Rukzio, and Andreas Bulling. 2022. Understanding, Addressing, and Analysing Digital Eye Strain in Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 29, 4, Article 33 (mar 2022), 80 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3492802
[77]
Kajta Hofmann, Bhaskar Mitra, Filip Radlinski, and Milad Shokouhi. 2014. An Eye-Tracking Study of User Interactions with Query Auto Completion. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (Shanghai, China) (CIKM ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 549–558. https://doi.org/10.1145/2661829.2661922
[78]
Nora Hollenstein, Maria Barrett, and Marina Björnsdóttir. 2022. The Copenhagen Corpus of Eye Tracking Recordings from Natural Reading of Danish Texts. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. European Language Resources Association, Marseille, France, 1712–1720. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2204.13311
[79]
K. Holmqvist, M. Nyström, R. Andersson, R. Dewhurst, H. Jarodzka, and J. van de Weijer. 2011. Eye Tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures. OUP Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. https://books.google.de/books?id=5rIDPV1EoLUC
[80]
Zhenghao Hu, Hao Zhai, Aomei Li, Zhizhong Xi, Zhaozhen Jiang, and Beiyao Cui. 2020. Blink Detection Algorithm Based on BP Neural Network. In 2020 6th International Conference on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence. ACM, Singapore Singapore, 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1145/3449301.3449308
[81]
Michael Xuelin Huang and Andreas Bulling. 2019. SacCalib: Reducing Calibration Distortion for Stationary Eye Trackers Using Saccadic Eye Movements. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications(ETRA ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3317956.3321553
[82]
Stephen Hutt, Caitlin Mills, Nigel Bosch, Kristina Krasich, James Brockmole, and Sidney D’Mello. 2017. "Out of the Fr-Eye-ing Pan": Towards Gaze-Based Models of Attention during Learning with Technology in the Classroom. In Proceedings of the 25th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization(UMAP ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1145/3079628.3079669
[83]
Stephen Hutt, Angela E.B. Stewart, Julie Gregg, Stephen Mattingly, and Sidney K. D’Mello. 2022. Feasibility of Longitudinal Eye-Gaze Tracking in the Workplace. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 6, ETRA, Article 148 (may 2022), 21 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3530889
[84]
Transparent Statistics in Human–Computer Interaction Working Group. 2019. Transparent Statistics Guidelines. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2226616
[85]
Constantina Ioannou, Per Bækgaard, Ekkart Kindler, and Barbara Weber. 2020. Towards a Tool for Visualizing Pupil Dilation Linked with Source Code Artifacts. In 2020 Working Conference on Software Visualization (VISSOFT). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 105–109. https://doi.org/10.1109/VISSOFT51673.2020.00016
[86]
Ryo Ishii, Yukiko I. Nakano, and Toyoaki Nishida. 2013. Gaze Awareness in Conversational Agents: Estimating a User’s Conversational Engagement from Eye Gaze. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 3, 2, Article 11 (aug 2013), 25 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2499474.2499480
[87]
Howell Istance and Aulikki I. Hyrskykari. 2017. Supporting Making Fixations and the Effect on Gaze Gesture Performance. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colorado, USA) (CHI ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3022–3033. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025920
[88]
Petar Jerčič, Charlotte Sennersten, and Craig Lindley. 2017. The Effect of Cognitive Load on Physiological Arousal in a Decision-Making Serious Game. In 2017 9th International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Games for Serious Applications (VS-Games). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 153–156. https://doi.org/10.1109/VS-GAMES.2017.8056587
[89]
Patrick Jermann and Marc-Antoine Nüssli. 2012. Effects of Sharing Text Selections on Gaze Cross-Recurrence and Interaction Quality in a Pair Programming Task. In Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (Seattle, Washington, USA) (CSCW ’12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1125–1134. https://doi.org/10.1145/2145204.2145371
[90]
Shaohua Jia, Do Hyong Koh, Amanda Seccia, Pasha Antonenko, Richard Lamb, Andreas Keil, Matthew Schneps, and Marc Pomplun. 2018. Biometric Recognition Through Eye Movements Using a Recurrent Neural Network. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Knowledge (ICBK). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBK.2018.00016
[91]
Jiang Jun, Boxin Zhao, Peng Zhang, Zhenkun Chen, and Fang Peng. 2021. Research on UAV Control Method Based on Eye Tracking. In 2021 33rd Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 3281–3286. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCDC52312.2021.9602071
[92]
G Karthik, J Amudha, and C Jyotsna. 2019. A Custom Implementation of the Velocity Threshold Algorithm for Fixation Identification. In 2019 International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 488–492. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSSIT46314.2019.8987791
[93]
Matthew Kay, Steve Haroz, Shion Guha, and Pierre Dragicevic. 2016. Special Interest Group on Transparent Statistics in HCI. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI EA ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1081–1084. https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2886442
[94]
Matthew Kay, Gregory L. Nelson, and Eric B. Hekler. 2016. Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 4521–4532. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858465
[95]
Ashima Keshava, Anete Aumeistere, Krzysztof Izdebski, and Peter Konig. 2020. Decoding Task From Oculomotor Behavior In Virtual Reality. In ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications(ETRA ’20 Short Papers). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1145/3379156.3391338
[96]
Ahsan Raza Khan, Syed Mohsin Bokhari, Sara Khosravi, Sajjad Hussain, Rami Ghannam, Muhammad Ali Imran, and Ahmed Zoha. 2022. Feature Selection Mechanism for Attention Classification Using Gaze Tracking Data. In 2022 29th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECS202256217.2022.9970936
[97]
Tomi Kinnunen, Filip Sedlak, and Roman Bednarik. 2010. Towards Task-Independent Person Authentication Using Eye Movement Signals. In Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications(ETRA ’10). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 187–190. https://doi.org/10.1145/1743666.1743712
[98]
Kristopher Kohm, John Porter, and Andrew Robb. 2022. Sensitivity to Hand Offsets and Related Behavior in Virtual Environments over Time. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 19, 4, Article 17 (nov 2022), 15 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3561055
[99]
Oleg V. Komogortsev, Young Sam Ryu, Do Hyong Koh, and Sandeep M. Gowda. 2009. Instantaneous saccade driven eye gaze interaction. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Computer Enterntainment Technology - ACE ’09. ACM Press, Athens, Greece, 140. https://doi.org/10.1145/1690388.1690412
[100]
Dimosthenis Kontogiorgos, Elena Sibirtseva, Andre Pereira, Gabriel Skantze, and Joakim Gustafson. 2018. Multimodal Reference Resolution In Collaborative Assembly Tasks. In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Multimodal Analyses Enabling Artificial Agents in Human-Machine Interaction (Boulder, CO, USA) (MA3HMI’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 38–42. https://doi.org/10.1145/3279972.3279976
[101]
Fatemeh Koochaki and Laleh Najafizadeh. 2021. A Data-Driven Framework for Intention Prediction via Eye Movement With Applications to Assistive Systems. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 29 (2021), 974–984. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2021.3083815
[102]
Benthe Kornrumpf, Florian Niefind, Werner Sommer, and Olaf Dimigen. 2016. Neural Correlates of Word Recognition: A Systematic Comparison of Natural Reading and Rapid Serial Visual Presentation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, 9 (09 2016), 1374–1391. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00977 arXiv:https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article-pdf/28/9/1374/1951600/jocn_a_00977.pdf
[103]
Alexander Korotin, Nikita Khromov, Anton Stepanov, Andrey Lange, Evgeny Burnaev, and Andrey Somov. 2019. Towards Understanding of eSports Athletes’ Potentialities: The Sensing System for Data Collection and Analysis. In 2019 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation (SmartWorld/SCALCOM/UIC/ATC/CBDCom/IOP/SCI). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1804–1810. https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartWorld-UIC-ATC-SCALCOM-IOP-SCI.2019.00319
[104]
Jani Koskinen and Roman Bednarik. 2020. Gaze - Grabber Distance in Expert and Novice Forest Machine Operators: The Effects of Automatic Boom Control. In ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications(ETRA ’20 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3379157.3391414
[105]
Luka Krapic, Kristijan Lenac, and Sandi Ljubic. 2015. Integrating Blink Click interaction into a head tracking system: implementation and usability issues. Universal Access in the Information Society 14, 2 (June 2015), 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-013-0343-y
[106]
Laura Krieger, Gunther Heidemann, and Julius Schöning. 2018. Object of Interest Segmentation in Video Sequences with Gaze Data. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Applications and Systems (IPAS). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1109/IPAS.2018.8708873
[107]
Ksenija Krstić, Anđela Šoškić, Vanja Ković, and Kenneth Holmqvist. 2018. All good readers are the same, but every low-skilled reader is different: an eye-tracking study using PISA data. European Journal of Psychology of Education 33, 3 (2018), 521–541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-018-0382-0
[108]
Jakub Krukar, Panagiotis Mavros, and Christoph Hoelscher. 2020. Towards Capturing Focal/Ambient Attention during Dynamic Wayfinding. In ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (Stuttgart, Germany) (ETRA ’20 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 22, 5 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3379157.3391417
[109]
Aleksandra Królak and Paweł Strumiłło. 2012. Eye-blink detection system for human–computer interaction. Universal Access in the Information Society 11, 4 (Nov. 2012), 409–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-011-0256-6
[110]
Aristea Ladas, Christos Frantzidis, Panagiotis Bamidis, and Ana B. Vivas. 2014. Eye Blink Rate as a biological marker of Mild Cognitive Impairment. International Journal of Psychophysiology 93, 1 (July 2014), 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.07.010
[111]
Simon Ladouce, Magda Mustile, Magdalena Ietswaart, and Frédéric Dehais. 2022. Capturing Cognitive Events Embedded in the Real World Using Mobile Electroencephalography and Eye-Tracking. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 34, 12 (2022), 2237–2255. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01903
[112]
Kecheng Lai, Yuqi Liu, Qikun He, Ming Yi, and Tsutomu Fujinami. 2021. Saliva Secretion as Indicator of Appetite. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Medical and Health Informatics (Kyoto, Japan) (ICMHI ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 249–253. https://doi.org/10.1145/3472813.3473198
[113]
Christian Lander and Antonio Krüger. 2018. EyeSense: Towards Information Extraction on Corneal Images. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Joint Conference and 2018 International Symposium on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Wearable Computers (Singapore, Singapore) (UbiComp ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 980–987. https://doi.org/10.1145/3267305.3274121
[114]
Sharon Leal and Aldert Vrij. 2008. Blinking During and After Lying. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 32, 4 (Dec. 2008), 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-008-0051-0
[115]
Jisoo Lee, Erin Walker, Winslow Burleson, Matthew Kay, Matthew Buman, and Eric B. Hekler. 2017. Self-Experimentation for Behavior Change: Design and Formative Evaluation of Two Approaches. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colorado, USA) (CHI ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 6837–6849. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3026038
[116]
Jan Leusmann, Carl Oechsner, Johanna Prinz, Robin Welsch, and Sven Mayer. 2023. A Database for Kitchen Objects: Investigating Danger Perception in the Context of Human-Robot Interaction. In Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Hamburg, Germany) (CHI EA ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 6, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585884
[117]
Beibin Li, Erin Barney, Caitlin Hudac, Nicholas Nuechterlein, Pamela Ventola, Linda Shapiro, and Frederick Shic. 2020. Selection of Eye-Tracking Stimuli for Prediction by Sparsely Grouped Input Variables for Neural Networks: Towards Biomarker Refinement for Autism. In ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications(ETRA ’20 Full Papers). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/3379155.3391334
[118]
Beibin Li, Nicholas Nuechterlein, Erin Barney, Claire Foster, Minah Kim, Monique Mahony, Adham Atyabi, Li Feng, Quan Wang, Pamela Ventola, Linda Shapiro, and Frederick Shic. 2021. Learning Oculomotor Behaviors from Scanpath. In Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction(ICMI ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1145/3462244.3479923
[119]
Fan Li, Chun-Hsien Chen, Gangyan Xu, and Li-Pheng Khoo. 2020. Hierarchical Eye-Tracking Data Analytics for Human Fatigue Detection at a Traffic Control Center. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 50, 5 (2020), 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1109/THMS.2020.3016088
[120]
Weifeng Li, Marc-Antoine Nüssli, and Patrick Jermann. 2010. Gaze Quality Assisted Automatic Recognition of Social Contexts in Collaborative Tetris. In International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces and the Workshop on Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction(ICMI-MLMI ’10). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/1891903.1891914
[121]
Lars Lischke, Valentin Schwind, Kai Friedrich, Albrecht Schmidt, and Niels Henze. 2016. MAGIC-Pointing on Large High-Resolution Displays. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI EA ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1706–1712. https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2892479
[122]
Zaijia Liu, Xianjun Sam Zheng, Mingyang Wu, Rui Dong, and Kaiping Peng. 2013. Culture Influence on Aesthetic Perception of Chinese and Western Paintings: Evidence from Eye Movement Patterns. In Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Visual Information Communication and Interaction (Tianjin, China) (VINCI ’13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1145/2493102.2493111
[123]
Lester C. Loschky and Gary S. Wolverton. 2007. How Late Can You Update Gaze-Contingent Multiresolutional Displays without Detection?ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl. 3, 4, Article 7 (dec 2007), 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/1314303.1314310
[124]
Jean-Luc Lugrin, Dennis Wiebusch, Marc Erich Latoschik, and Alexander Strehler. 2013. Usability benchmarks for motion tracking systems. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (Singapore) (VRST ’13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1145/2503713.2503730
[125]
Otto Hans-Martin Lutz and Jörg Krüger. 2017. Assessing visual attention in virtual reality: Automatic one-point calibration for eye-tracking. In 2017 International Conference on Virtual Rehabilitation (ICVR). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVR.2017.8007455
[126]
I. Scott MacKenzie and Colin Ware. 1993. Lag as a determinant of human performance in interactive systems. In Proceedings of the INTERACT ’93 and CHI ’93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) (CHI ’93). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 488–493. https://doi.org/10.1145/169059.169431
[127]
Sai Phani Kumar Malladi, Jayanta Mukherjee, Mohamed-Chaker Larabi, and Santanu Chaudhury. 2022. EG-SNIK: A Free Viewing Egocentric Gaze Dataset and Its Applications. IEEE Access 10 (2022), 129626–129641. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3228484
[128]
Samantha Mann, Aldert Vrij, and Ray Bull. 2002. Suspects, lies, and videotape: An analysis of authentic high-stake liars.Law and Human Behavior 26, 3 (June 2002), 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015332606792
[129]
Sophie Marat, Tien Ho Phuoc, Lionel Granjon, Nathalie Guyader, Denis Pellerin, and Anne Guérin-Dugué. 2009. Modelling Spatio-Temporal Saliency to Predict Gaze Direction for Short Videos. International Journal of Computer Vision 82, 3 (May 2009), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-009-0215-3
[130]
Anna Marzecová, Antonio Schettino, Andreas Widmann, Iria SanMiguel, Sonja A Kotz, and Erich Schröger. 2018. Attentional gain is modulated by probabilistic feature expectations in a spatial cueing task: ERP evidence. Scientific Reports 8, 1 (2018), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18347-1
[131]
Anna Marzecová, Andreas Widmann, Iria SanMiguel, Sonja A Kotz, and Erich Schröger. 2017. Interrelation of attention and prediction in visual processing: Effects of task-relevance and stimulus probability. Biological Psychology 125 (2017), 76–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.02.009
[132]
Lindsey K. McIntire, John P. McIntire, R. Andy McKinley, and Chuck Goodyear. 2014. Detection of Vigilance Performance with Pupillometry. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications(ETRA ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578177
[133]
Coleman Merenda, Hyungil Kim, Joseph L. Gabbard, Samantha Leong, David R. Large, and Gary Burnett. 2017. Did You See Me? Assessing Perceptual vs. Real Driving Gains Across Multi-Modal Pedestrian Alert Systems. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications(AutomotiveUI ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3123013
[134]
Coleman Merenda, Hyungil Kim, Kyle Tanous, Joseph L. Gabbard, Blake Feichtl, Teruhisa Misu, and Chihiro Suga. 2018. Augmented Reality Interface Design Approaches for Goal-directed and Stimulus-driven Driving Tasks. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 24, 11 (Nov 2018), 2875–2885. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2018.2868531
[135]
Nadine Marie Moacdieh and Nadine Sarter. 2017. The Effects of Data Density, Display Organization, and Stress on Search Performance: An Eye Tracking Study of Clutter. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 47, 6 (2017), 886–895. https://doi.org/10.1109/THMS.2017.2717899
[136]
Aythami Morales, Francisco M. Costela, Ruben Tolosana, and Russell L. Woods. 2018. Saccade Landing Point Prediction: A Novel Approach Based on Recurrent Neural Networks. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Machine Learning Technologies(ICMLT ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1145/3231884.3231890
[137]
Jorge Muñoz, Georgios N. Yannakakis, Fiona Mulvey, Dan Witzner Hansen, German Gutierrez, and Araceli Sanchis. 2011. Towards Gaze-Controlled Platform Games. In 2011 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG’11). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1109/CIG.2011.6031988
[138]
Yukiko I. Nakano and Ryo Ishii. 2010. Estimating User’s Engagement from Eye-Gaze Behaviors in Human-Agent Conversations. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces(IUI ’10). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1145/1719970.1719990
[139]
Mojtaba Navvab, Fabio Bisegna, and Franco Gugliermetti. 2015. Dynamic roadways and in-vehicle lighting conditions for determining mesopic adaptation luminance. In 2015 IEEE 15th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 2005–2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC.2015.7165482
[140]
Amitash Ojha, Francesca Ervas, and Elisabetta Gola. 2017. Emotions as Intrinsic Cognitive Load: An Eye Movement Analysis of High and Low Intelligent Individuals. In 2017 3rd IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics (CYBCONF). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/CYBConf.2017.7985776
[141]
Flavio T.P. Oliveira, Anne Aula, and Daniel M. Russell. 2009. Discriminating the Relevance of Web Search Results with Measures of Pupil Size. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI ’09). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2209–2212. https://doi.org/10.1145/1518701.1519038
[142]
Wes Olson, Bill Kaliardos, Michael Zuschlag, and Andrew Kendra. 2009. Impact of Traffic Symbol Directional Cues on Pilot Performance during TCAS Events. In 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference. IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 5.D.2–1–5.D.2–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2009.5347460
[143]
Francesco Onorati, Riccardo Barbieri, Maurizio Mauri, Vincenzo Russo, and Luca Mainardi. 2013. Reconstruction and Analysis of the Pupil Dilation Signal: Application to a Psychophysiological Affective Protocol. In 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 5–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2013.6609423
[144]
Justin W. Owens, Barbara S. Chaparro, and Evan M. Palmer. 2011. Text Advertising Blindness: The New Banner Blindness?J. Usability Studies 6, 3 (may 2011), 172–197.
[145]
Matthew J. Page, Joanne E. McKenzie, Patrick M. Bossuyt, Isabelle Boutron, Tammy C. Hoffmann, Cynthia D. Mulrow, Larissa Shamseer, Jennifer M. Tetzlaff, Elie A. Akl, Sue E. Brennan, Roger Chou, Julie Glanville, Jeremy M. Grimshaw, Asbjørn Hróbjartsson, Manoj M. Lalu, Tianjing Li, Elizabeth W. Loder, Evan Mayo-Wilson, Steve McDonald, Luke A. McGuinness, Lesley A. Stewart, James Thomas, Andrea C. Tricco, Vivian A. Welch, Penny Whiting, and David Moher. 2021. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews 10, 1 (Dec. 2021), 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4
[146]
Monalisa Pal, Anwesha Banerjee, Shreyasi Datta, Amit Konar, D. N. Tibarewala, and R. Janarthanan. 2014. Electrooculography based blink detection to prevent Computer Vision Syndrome. In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Computing and Communication Technologies(CONECCT). IEEE, Bangalore, India, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/CONECCT.2014.6740337
[147]
Almudena Palacios-Ibáñez, Javier Marín-Morales, Manuel Contero, and Mariano Alcañiz. 2023. Predicting Decision-Making in Virtual Environments: An Eye Movement Analysis with Household Products. Applied Sciences 13, 12 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/app13127124
[148]
Gang Pan, Lin Sun, Zhaohui Wu, and Shihong Lao. 2007. Eyeblink-based Anti-Spoofing in Face Recognition from a Generic Webcamera. In 2007 IEEE 11th International Conference on Computer Vision. IEEE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2007.4409068
[149]
Hyun Soo Park, Eakta Jain, and Yaser Sheikh. 2013. Predicting Primary Gaze Behavior Using Social Saliency Fields. In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 3503–3510. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2013.435
[150]
Nez Parr and Biao Zeng. 2021. British Sign Language (BSL) User’s Gaze Patterns Between Hands and Face During Online Communication. In Companion Publication of the 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021 (Virtual Event, United Kingdom) (WebSci ’21 Companion). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 10–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3462741.3466645
[151]
Sudi Patel, Ross Henderson, L Bradley, B Galloway, and L Hunter. 1991. Effect of visual display unit use on blink rate and tear stability. Optom Vis Sci 68, 11 (1991), 888–892. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199111000-00010
[152]
Alexander R. Payne, Beryl Plimmer, and T. Claire Davies. 2015. Repeatability of Eye-Hand Movement Onset Asynchrony Measurements and Cerebral Palsy: A Case Study. In Proceedings of the 15th New Zealand Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (Hamilton, New Zealand) (CHINZ 2015). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1145/2808047.2808058
[153]
Xiaoqing Peng. 2022. An Eye-Movement Study of Pronoun Resolutions by Chinese-Speaking Learners. In Proceedings of the 2022 3rd International Conference on Control, Robotics and Intelligent System (Virtual Event, China) (CCRIS ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 80–84. https://doi.org/10.1145/3562007.3562023
[154]
Xiaoqing Peng. 2022. The Resolution of English Pronoun by Chinese-speaking Learners: Evidence from Eye Movement. In 2022 International Conference on Frontiers of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (FAIML). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 79–82. https://doi.org/10.1109/FAIML57028.2022.00025
[155]
Xiaoqing Peng. 2022. The Resolution of English Pronoun by Chinese-speaking Learners: Evidence from Eye Movement. In 2022 International Conference on Frontiers of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (FAIML). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 79–82. https://doi.org/10.1109/FAIML57028.2022.00025
[156]
L. Perreault, Bernard Bobée, and Peter Rasmussen. 1999. Halphen Distribution System. I: Mathematical and Statistical Properties. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering - J HYDROL ENG 4 (07 1999). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1999)4:3(189)
[157]
Ken Pfeuffer and Hans Gellersen. 2016. Gaze and Touch Interaction on Tablets. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Tokyo, Japan) (UIST ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 301–311. https://doi.org/10.1145/2984511.2984514
[158]
Bastian Pfleging, Drea K. Fekety, Albrecht Schmidt, and Andrew L. Kun. 2016. A Model Relating Pupil Diameter to Mental Workload and Lighting Conditions. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 5776–5788. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858117
[159]
Prarthana Pillai, Balakumar Balasingam, Arunita Jaekel, and Francesco Biondi. 2021. Kalman Filtering to Track Changes in Pupil Size for Automated Driving Systems. In 2021 IEEE 94th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Fall). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Fall52928.2021.9625045
[160]
Jeffrey G. Proudfoot, Jeffrey L. Jenkins, Judee K. Burgoon, and Jay F. Nunamaker. 2015. Deception is in the eye of the communicator: Investigating pupil diameter variations in automated deception detection interviews. In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISI.2015.7165946
[161]
I Putu Edy Suardiyana Putra and Rein Vesilo. 2017. Window-size impact on detection rate of wearable-sensor-based fall detection using supervised machine learning. In 2017 IEEE Life Sciences Conference(LSC). IEEE, Sydney, Australia, 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1109/LSC.2017.8268134
[162]
Ming Qian, Mario Aguilar, Karen N. Zachery, Claudio Privitera, Stanley Klein, Thom Carney, and Loren W. Nolte. 2009. Decision-Level Fusion of EEG and Pupil Features for Single-Trial Visual Detection Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 56, 7 (July 2009), 1929–1937. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2009.2016670
[163]
Yinuo Qin, Weijia Zhang, Richard Lee, Xiaoxiao Sun, and Paul Sajda. 2022. Predictive Power of Pupil Dynamics in a Team Based Virtual Reality Task. In 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 592–593. https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW55335.2022.00147
[164]
Pernilla Qvarfordt and Matthew Lee. 2018. Gaze Patterns during Remote Presentations While Listening and Speaking. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (Warsaw, Poland) (ETRA ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 33, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204540
[165]
Seema F. Al Raisi and Eran Edirisinghe. 2017. A Machine Learning Based Approach to Human Observer Behaviour Analysis in CCTV Video Analytics & Forensics. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Internet of Things and Machine Learning(IML ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3109761.3158376
[166]
Alexa Romberg, Yayun Zhang, Benjamin Newman, Jochen Triesch, and Chen Yu. 2016. Global and Local Statistical Regularities Control Visual Attention to Object Sequences. In 2016 Joint IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL-EpiRob). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 262–267. https://doi.org/10.1109/DEVLRN.2016.7846829
[167]
Pedro J. Rosa, Francisco Esteves, and Patrícia Arriaga. 2015. Beyond Traditional Clinical Measurements for Screening Fears and Phobias. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 64, 12 (2015), 3396–3404. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2015.2450292
[168]
Rabee Rustum and Adebayo J. Adeloye. 2007. Replacing Outliers and Missing Values from Activated Sludge Data Using Kohonen Self-Organizing Map. Journal of Environmental Engineering 133, 9 (Sept. 2007), 909–916. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2007)133:9(909)
[169]
Kamalpreet Singh Saluja, JeevithaShree Dv, Somnath Arjun, Pradipta Biswas, and Teena Paul. 2019. Analyzing Eye Gaze of Users with Learning Disability. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Graphics and Signal Processing(ICGSP ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 95–99. https://doi.org/10.1145/3338472.3338481
[170]
Mirweis Sangin, Gaëlle Molinari, Marc-Antoine Nüssli, and Pierre Dillenbourg. 2008. How Learners Use Awareness Cues about Their Peer’s Knowledge? Insights from Synchronized Eye-Tracking Data. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on International Conference for the Learning Sciences - Volume 2 (Utrecht, The Netherlands) (ICLS’08). International Society of the Learning Sciences, Berlin, Germany, 287–294.
[171]
Abhraneel Sarma and Matthew Kay. 2020. Prior Setting in Practice: Strategies and Rationales Used in Choosing Prior Distributions for Bayesian Analysis. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Honolulu, HI, USA) (CHI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376377
[172]
Christian Schlösser, Andreas Harrer, and Andrea Kienle. 2018. Supporting Dyadic Chat Communication with Eye Tracking Based Reading Awareness. In 2018 IEEE 18th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 149–151. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICALT.2018.00042
[173]
Rebekka S. Schubert, Josephine Hartwig, Mathias Müller, Rainer Groh, and Sebastian Pannasch. 2016. Are Age Differences Missing in Relative and Absolute Distance Perception of Stereoscopically Presented Virtual Objects?. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (Munich, Germany) (VRST ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 307–308. https://doi.org/10.1145/2993369.2996334
[174]
Immo Schuetz, T. Scott Murdison, Kevin J. MacKenzie, and Marina Zannoli. 2019. An Explanation of Fitts’ Law-like Performance in Gaze-Based Selection Tasks Using a Psychophysics Approach. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Glasgow Scotland Uk, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300765
[175]
Jun Shao and Bob Zhong. 2003. Last observation carry-forward and last observation analysis. Statistics in Medicine 22, 15 (2003), 2429–2441. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1519 arXiv:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/sim.1519
[176]
Zohreh Sharafi, Yu Huang, Kevin Leach, and Westley Weimer. 2021. Toward an Objective Measure of Developers’ Cognitive Activities. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 30, 3, Article 30 (mar 2021), 40 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3434643
[177]
Ludwig Sidenmark, Mark Parent, Chi-Hao Wu, Joannes Chan, Michael Glueck, Daniel Wigdor, Tovi Grossman, and Marcello Giordano. 2022. Weighted Pointer: Error-aware Gaze-based Interaction through Fallback Modalities. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 28, 11 (2022), 3585–3595. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2022.3203096
[178]
Luca Simione, Alisha Vabba, Antonino Raffone, and Marco Mirolli. 2022. Pupil Dilation and Self-Reported Emotional Response to IAPS Pictures: The Role of Emotional Regulation and Trait Mindfulness. In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for Extended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 471–476. https://doi.org/10.1109/MetroXRAINE54828.2022.9967538
[179]
Aniruddha Sinha, Dibyendu Roy, Rikayan Chaki, Bikram Kumar De, and Sanjoy Kumar Saha. 2019. Readability Analysis Based on Cognitive Assessment Using Physiological Sensing. IEEE Sensors Journal 19, 18 (Sep. 2019), 8127–8135. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2917834
[180]
Layth Sliman. 2018. Ocular Guided Robotized Wheelchair for Quadriplegics Users. In 2018 TRON Symposium(TRONSHOW). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–7.
[181]
Alexis D. Souchet, Mamadou Lamarana Diallo, and Domitile Lourdeaux. 2022. Cognitive Load Classification with a Stroop Task in Virtual Reality Based on Physiological Data. In 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 656–666. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR55827.2022.00083
[182]
Julian Steil, Inken Hagestedt, Michael Xuelin Huang, and Andreas Bulling. 2019. Privacy-Aware Eye Tracking Using Differential Privacy. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314111.3319915 arXiv:1812.08000 [cs].
[183]
Julian Steil, Michael Xuelin Huang, and Andreas Bulling. 2018. Fixation detection for head-mounted eye tracking based on visual similarity of gaze targets. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications. ACM, Warsaw Poland, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204538
[184]
Niklas Stein, Gianni Bremer, and Markus Lappe. 2022. Eye Tracking-based LSTM for Locomotion Prediction in VR. In 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 493–503. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR51125.2022.00069
[185]
John A Stern, Donna Boyer, and David Schroeder. 1994. Blink rate: a possible measure of fatigue. Human factors 36, 2 (1994), 285–297.
[186]
Samuel Stuart, Brook Galna, Sue Lord, Lynn Rochester, and Alan Godfrey. 2014. Quantifying Saccades While Walking: Validity of a Novel Velocity-Based Algorithm for Mobile Eye Tracking. In 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 5739–5742. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944931
[187]
Shree Krishna Subburaj, Angela E.B. Stewart, Arjun Ramesh Rao, and Sidney K. D’Mello. 2020. Multimodal, Multiparty Modeling of Collaborative Problem Solving Performance. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction(ICMI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1145/3382507.3418877
[188]
Hassan Takabi, Yessir Hashem, and Ram Dantu. 2018. Prediction of human error using eye movements patterns for unintentional insider threat detection. In 2018 IEEE 4th International Conference on Identity, Security, and Behavior Analysis(ISBA). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISBA.2018.8311479
[189]
Chihiro Tamba, Shoichiro Tomii, and Tomoaki Ohtsuki. 2014. Blink detection using Doppler sensor. In 2014 IEEE 25th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communication(PIMRC). IEEE, Washington DC, USA, 2119–2124. https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2014.7136522
[190]
Chatpong Tangmanee and Puripant Ruchikachorn. 2018. Online Forms: An Eye Tracking Exploration into Fixation across Three Label Alignments. In 2018 22nd International Computer Science and Engineering Conference (ICSEC). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSEC.2018.8712777
[191]
Kemal Taşkın and Didem Gökçay. 2015. Investigation of Risk Taking Behavior and Outcomes in Decision Making with Modified BART (m-BART). In 2015 International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 302–307. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACII.2015.7344587
[192]
Geoffrey Tien, M. Stella Atkins, Xianta Jiang, Bin Zheng, and Roman Bednarik. 2014. Verbal Gaze Instruction Matches Visual Gaze Guidance in Laparoscopic Skills Training. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications(ETRA ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 331–334. https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578217
[193]
Dereck Toker, Cristina Conati, Ben Steichen, and Giuseppe Carenini. 2013. Individual User Characteristics and Information Visualization: Connecting the Dots through Eye Tracking. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Paris, France) (CHI ’13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470696
[194]
Ryuta Tonomura, Tadamitsu Tadamitsu, Atsushi Manji, Naoyuki Kubota, and Takenori Obo. 2018. Rehabilitation Support System for Attentional Deficits Based on Trail-Making Test. In 2018 Joint 10th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems (SCIS) and 19th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (ISIS). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1127–1132. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCIS-ISIS.2018.00177
[195]
Michael Traoré and Christophe Hurter. 2016. Exploratory Study with Eye Tracking Devices to Build Interactive Systems for Air Traffic Controllers. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace (Paris, France) (HCI-Aero ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 6, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2950112.2964584
[196]
Yi-Fang Tsai, Erik Viirre, Christopher Strychacz, Bradley Chase, and Tzyy-Ping Jung. 2007. Task performance and eye activity: predicting behavior relating to cognitive workload. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 78, 5 (2007), B176–B185.
[197]
Jayson Turner, Andreas Bulling, Jason Alexander, and Hans Gellersen. 2014. Cross-device gaze-supported point-to-point content transfer. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (Safety Harbor, Florida) (ETRA ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578155
[198]
Karl F Van Orden, Tzyy-Ping Jung, and Scott Makeig. 2000. Combined eye activity measures accurately estimate changes in sustained visual task performance. Biological psychology 52, 3 (2000), 221–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(99)00043-5
[199]
Giacomo Veneri, Elena Pretegiani, Pamela Federighi, Francesca Rosini, Antonio Federico, and Alessandra Rufa. 2010. Evaluating Human Visual Search Performance by Monte Carlo Methods and Heuristic Model. In Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Information Technology and Applications in Biomedicine. IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITAB.2010.5687697
[200]
Roel Vertegaal. 2008. A Fitts Law comparison of eye tracking and manual input in the selection of visual targets. In Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Multimodal interfaces - IMCI ’08. ACM Press, Chania, Crete, Greece, 241. https://doi.org/10.1145/1452392.1452443
[201]
Hana Vrzakova, Mary Jean Amon, McKenzie Rees, Myrthe Faber, and Sidney D’Mello. 2021. Looking for a Deal? Visual Social Attention during Negotiations via Mixed Media Videoconferencing. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4, CSCW3, Article 260 (jan 2021), 35 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3434169
[202]
Hana Vrzakova, Mary Jean Amon, Angela E. B. Stewart, and Sidney K. D’Mello. 2019. Dynamics of Visual Attention in Multiparty Collaborative Problem Solving Using Multidimensional Recurrence Quantification Analysis. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300572
[203]
Hana Vrzakova, Roman Bednarik, Yukiko I. Nakano, and Fumio Nihei. 2016. Speakers’ Head and Gaze Dynamics Weakly Correlate in Group Conversation. In Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (Charleston, South Carolina) (ETRA ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1145/2857491.2857522
[204]
Manhua Wang, Seul Chan Lee, Harsh Kamalesh Sanghavi, Megan Eskew, Bo Zhou, and Myounghoon Jeon. 2021. In-Vehicle Intelligent Agents in Fully Autonomous Driving: The Effects of Speech Style and Embodiment Together and Separately. In 13th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications(AutomotiveUI ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 247–254. https://doi.org/10.1145/3409118.3475142
[205]
Youmian Wang, Bin Hu, Zhenxiang Chen, Xiaoqing Jiang, Wenjuan Liu, and Peicheng Wang. 2022. INSIDER: A Framework for Assessing Confidence in Psychological Scales Based on Multi-Modal Physiological Signal Fusion. In 2022 IEEE Smartworld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Digital Twin, Privacy Computing, Metaverse, Autonomous & Trusted Vehicles (SmartWorld/UIC/ScalCom/DigitalTwin/PriComp/Meta). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1298–1303. https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartWorld-UIC-ATC-ScalCom-DigitalTwin-PriComp-Metaverse56740.2022.00199
[206]
Yixin Wang, Shuang Qiu, Dan Li, Changde Du, Bao-Liang Lu, and Huiguang He. 2022. Multi-Modal Domain Adaptation Variational Autoencoder for EEG-Based Emotion Recognition. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 9, 9 (Sept. 2022), 1612–1626. https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2022.105515
[207]
Julian Wolf, Quentin Lohmeyer, Christian Holz, and Mirko Meboldt. 2021. Gaze Comes in Handy: Predicting and Preventing Erroneous Hand Actions in AR-Supported Manual Tasks. In 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR52148.2021.00031
[208]
P Wolkoff, Jacob Klenø Nøjgaard, P Troiano, and B Piccoli. 2005. Eye complaints in the office environment: precorneal tear film integrity influenced by eye blinking efficiency. Occupational and environmental medicine 62, 1 (2005), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2004.016030
[209]
Yanyu Xu, Yanbing Dong, Junru Wu, Zhengzhong Sun, Zhiru Shi, Jingyi Yu, and Shenghua Gao. 2018. Gaze Prediction in Dynamic 360° Immersive Videos. In 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. IEEE, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 5333–5342. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00559
[210]
Victoria Yaneva, Le An Ha, Sukru Eraslan, Yeliz Yesilada, and Ruslan Mitkov. 2018. Detecting Autism Based on Eye-Tracking Data from Web Searching Tasks. In Proceedings of the 15th International Web for All Conference (Lyon, France) (W4A ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 16, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192819
[211]
Lora Yekhshatyan and John D. Lee. 2013. Changes in the Correlation Between Eye and Steering Movements Indicate Driver Distraction. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 14, 1 (March 2013), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2012.2208223
[212]
Maryam Zahabi, Yinsong Wang, and Shahin Shahrampour. 2021. Classification of Officers’ Driving Situations Based on Eye-Tracking and Driver Performance Measures. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 51, 4 (Aug. 2021), 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1109/THMS.2021.3090787
[213]
Ala’a Abu Zaid, Mohammad Sobuh, and Musa Al Yaman. 2017. Development of an Algorithm for Automating Gaze Data Analysis Gathered While Using Upper Limb Prostheses. In 2017 7th International Conference on Modeling, Simulation, and Applied Optimization (ICMSAO). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMSAO.2017.7934914
[214]
Guanhua Zhang, Susanne Hindennach, Jan Leusmann, Felix Bühler, Benedict Steuerlein, Sven Mayer, Mihai Bâce, and Andreas Bulling. 2022. Predicting Next Actions and Latent Intents during Text Formatting. In Proceedings of the CHI Workshop Computational Approaches for Understanding, Generating, and Adapting User Interfaces (2022-01-01). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–6. https://sven-mayer.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/zhang2022predicting.pdf https://perceptualui.org/publications/zhang22_caugaui/
[215]
Kun Zhang, Chenxin Liu, Jingying Chen, Xiaodi Liu, Guangshuai Wang, and Rujing Zhang. 2021. Research on the Influence of Target Features on the Visual Tracking of Children with Autism. In 2021 International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 202–206. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISET52350.2021.00049
[216]
Yanxia Zhang, Ken Pfeuffer, Ming Ki Chong, Jason Alexander, Andreas Bulling, and Hans Gellersen. 2017. Look together: using gaze for assisting co-located collaborative search. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 21, 1 (01 Feb 2017), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-016-0969-x
[217]
Rencheng Zheng, Kimihiko Nakano, Hiromitsu Ishiko, Kenji Hagita, Makoto Kihira, and Toshiya Yokozeki. 2016. Eye-Gaze Tracking Analysis of Driver Behavior While Interacting With Navigation Systems in an Urban Area. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 46, 4 (2016), 546–556. https://doi.org/10.1109/THMS.2015.2504083
[218]
Zhaobo Zheng, Kumar Akash, Teruhisa Misu, Vidya Krishnamoorthy, Miaomiao Dong, Yuni Lee, and Gaojian Huang. 2022. Identification of Adaptive Driving Style Preference through Implicit Inputs in SAE L2 Vehicles. In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction (Bengaluru, India) (ICMI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 468–475. https://doi.org/10.1145/3536221.3556637
[219]
Zhaobo K. Zheng, Kumar Akash, and Teruhisa Misu. 2022. Detection of Perceived Discomfort in SAE L2 Automated Vehicles through Driver Takeovers and Physiological Spikes. In 2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1717–1722. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC55140.2022.9922161
[220]
Zhiwen Zhou, Jianxiao Ma, Tao Lu, Gen Li, Song Fang, and Ting Tan. 2020. An Evaluation Method for Visual Search Stability in Urban Tunnel Entrance and Exit Sections Based on Markov Chain. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 68559–68569. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2986272
[221]
Huadi Zhu, Wenqiang Jin, Mingyan Xiao, Srinivasan Murali, and Ming Li. 2020. BlinKey: A Two-Factor User Authentication Method for Virtual Reality Devices. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4, 4 (Dec. 2020), 164:1–164:29. https://doi.org/10.1145/3432217
[222]
Jing Zhu, Ying Wang, Rong La, Jiawei Zhan, Junhong Niu, Shuai Zeng, and Xiping Hu. 2019. Multimodal Mild Depression Recognition Based on EEG-EM Synchronization Acquisition Network. In IEEE Access, Vol. 7. IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 28196–28210. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2901950
[223]
Wenchao Zhu, Aaron Kucyi, Arthur F. Kramer, and Yingzi Lin. 2022. Multimodal Physiological Assessment of the Task-related Attentional States in a VR Driving Environment. In 2022 28th International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/M2VIP55626.2022.10041103
[224]
Vlas Zyrianov, Drew T. Guarnera, Cole S. Peterson, Bonita Sharif, and Jonathan I. Maletic. 2020. Automated Recording and Semantics-Aware Replaying of High-Speed Eye Tracking and Interaction Data to Support Cognitive Studies of Software Engineering Tasks. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME). IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 464–475. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSME46990.2020.00051

Cited By

View all
  • (2025)Oculang: Empowering Communication through Blink Language DetectionIRO Journal on Sustainable Wireless Systems10.36548/jsws.2024.4.0036:4(318-332)Online publication date: Jan-2025
  • (2024)Investigating the Effects of Eye-Tracking Interpolation Methods on Model Performance of LSTMProceedings of the 2024 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications10.1145/3649902.3656353(1-6)Online publication date: 4-Jun-2024
  • (2024)A systematic exploration of collaborative immersive systems for sense-making in STEMBehaviour & Information Technology10.1080/0144929X.2024.2441963(1-30)Online publication date: 18-Dec-2024

Index Terms

  1. Uncovering and Addressing Blink-Related Challenges in Using Eye Tracking for Interactive Systems
        Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.

        Recommendations

        Comments

        Information & Contributors

        Information

        Published In

        cover image ACM Conferences
        CHI '24: Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
        May 2024
        18961 pages
        ISBN:9798400703300
        DOI:10.1145/3613904
        Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

        Sponsors

        Publisher

        Association for Computing Machinery

        New York, NY, United States

        Publication History

        Published: 11 May 2024

        Permissions

        Request permissions for this article.

        Check for updates

        Badges

        Author Tags

        1. blinks
        2. eye tracking
        3. human computer interaction
        4. interactive systems

        Qualifiers

        • Research-article
        • Research
        • Refereed limited

        Conference

        CHI '24

        Acceptance Rates

        Overall Acceptance Rate 6,199 of 26,314 submissions, 24%

        Upcoming Conference

        CHI 2025
        ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
        April 26 - May 1, 2025
        Yokohama , Japan

        Contributors

        Other Metrics

        Bibliometrics & Citations

        Bibliometrics

        Article Metrics

        • Downloads (Last 12 months)877
        • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)82
        Reflects downloads up to 17 Feb 2025

        Other Metrics

        Citations

        Cited By

        View all
        • (2025)Oculang: Empowering Communication through Blink Language DetectionIRO Journal on Sustainable Wireless Systems10.36548/jsws.2024.4.0036:4(318-332)Online publication date: Jan-2025
        • (2024)Investigating the Effects of Eye-Tracking Interpolation Methods on Model Performance of LSTMProceedings of the 2024 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications10.1145/3649902.3656353(1-6)Online publication date: 4-Jun-2024
        • (2024)A systematic exploration of collaborative immersive systems for sense-making in STEMBehaviour & Information Technology10.1080/0144929X.2024.2441963(1-30)Online publication date: 18-Dec-2024

        View Options

        Login options

        View options

        PDF

        View or Download as a PDF file.

        PDF

        eReader

        View online with eReader.

        eReader

        Full Text

        View this article in Full Text.

        Full Text

        HTML Format

        View this article in HTML Format.

        HTML Format

        Figures

        Tables

        Media

        Share

        Share

        Share this Publication link

        Share on social media