ABSTRACT
Cross-Technology Communication (CTC) is an emerging technology that enables physical-layer direct communication from a WiFi sender to other Internet of Things (IoT) receivers via waveform emulation. The previous works use the reverse engineering to find the appropriate WiFi payload that can emulate the waveform similar to the desired IoT packet in the format of the IoT protocol (e.g., ZigBee). Unfortunately, the reverse engineering approach suffers from many limitations, such as being non-reversible and unscalable, misaligning symbols, and over-relying on empiricism. In this work, we present XiTuXi, a one-size-fits-all solution to automatically achieve the CTC by taking advantage of the neural machine translation (NMT), inspired by the task comparability between CTC and homophony-based cross-linguistic communication. We employ a well-known NMT model called Transformer to learn the bit-sequence to bit-sequence translation rationale behind the CTC without human intervention. Particularly, we introduce the forward engineering to address the dilemma of acquiring training datasets. By using XiTuXi, we achieved the CTC with 30 protocol combinations (ie., 802.11b, g, n, ax, ah Å ZigBee, Bluetooth, LoRa, and Sigfox) effortlessly, which ultimately liberates the experts from previous tedious tasks.
- Z. Li and T. He, "Webee: Physical-layer cross-technology communication via emulation," in Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2017, pp. 2--14.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Z. Li and T. He, "Longbee: Enabling long-range cross-technology communication," in IEEE INFOCOM 2018-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 2018, pp. 162--170.Google Scholar
- Y. Chen, Z. Li, and T. He, "Twinbee: Reliable physical-layer cross-technology communication with symbol-level coding," in IEEE INFOCOM 2018-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 2018, pp. 153--161.Google Scholar
- R. Liu, Z. Yin, W. Jiang, and T. He, "Wibeacon: Expanding ble location-based services via wifi," in Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2021, pp. 83--96.Google ScholarDigital Library
- H.-W. Cho and K. G. Shin, "Bluefi: bluetooth over wifi," in Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference, 2021, pp. 475--487.Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Xia, X. Zheng, F. Yu, L. Liu, and H. Ma, "Wira: Enabling cross-technology communication from wifi to lora with ieee 802.11 ax," in IEEE INFOCOM 2022-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 2022, pp. 430--439.Google Scholar
- X. Guo, Y. He, J. Zhang, and H. Jiang, "Wide: Physical-level ctc via digital emulation," in 2019 18th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN). IEEE, 2019, pp. 49--60.Google Scholar
- Y. Shu, J. Wang, L. Kong, J. Yu, G. Yang, Y. Cai, Z. Wang, and M. K. Khan, "Wibwi: Encoding-based bidirectional physical-layer cross-technology communication between ble and wifi," in 2021 IEEE 27th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS). IEEE, 2021, pp. 356--363.Google Scholar
- X. Na, X. Guo, Y. He, and R. Xi, "Wi-attack: Cross-technology impersonation attack against ibeacon services," in 2021 18th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON). IEEE, 2021, pp. 1--9.Google Scholar
- H.-W. Cho and K. G. Shin, "Flew: fully emulated wifi," in Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing And Networking, 2022, pp. 29--41.Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Whitley, "A genetic algorithm tutorial," Statistics and computing, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 65--85, 1994.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Hochreiter and J. Schmidhuber, "Long short-term memory," Neural computation, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1735--1780, 1997.Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Schuster and K. K. Paliwal, "Bidirectional recurrent neural networks," IEEE transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 2673--2681, 1997.Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Vaswani, N. Shazeer, N. Parmar, J. Uszkoreit, L. Jones, A. N. Gomez, Ł. Kaiser, and I. Polosukhin, "Attention is all you need," Advances in neural information processing systems, vol. 30, 2017.Google Scholar
- "Chatgpt," https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/.Google Scholar
- "Semtech sx1280: Long range, low power 2.4 ghz wireless rf transceiver with ranging capability," https://www.semtech.com/products/wireless-rf/lora-24ghz/sx1280/.Google Scholar
- Z. Li and Y. Chen, "Bluefi: Physical-layer cross-technology communication from bluetooth to wifi," in 2020 IEEE 40th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS). IEEE, 2020, pp. 399--409.Google Scholar
- "Openwrt," https://openwrt.org/.Google Scholar
- "Gl-ar750s: Gigabit wireless router for security-savvy travelers," https://www.glinet.com/products/gl-ar750s/.Google Scholar
- "Launchxl-cc1352p1: Simplelink multi-band cc1352p wireless mcu launchpad development kit," https://www.ti.com/tool/LAUNCHXL-CC26X2R1/.Google Scholar
- "Launchxl-cc26x2r1: Simplelink multi-standard cc26x2r wireless mcu launchpad development kit," https://www.ti.com/tool/LAUNCHXL-CC26X2R1/.Google Scholar
- "Pycom sipy sigfox development board," https://docs.pycom.io/datasheets/development/sipy/.Google Scholar
- K. Chebrolu and A. Dhekne, "Esense: Communication through energy sensing," in Proc. of ACM MobiCom, 2009.Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. M. Kim and T. He, "Freebee: Cross-technology communication via free side-channel," in Proc. of ACM MobiCom, 2015.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Z. Chi, Y. Li, H. Sun, Y. Yao, Z. Lu, and T. Zhu, "B2w2: N-way concurrent communication for iot devices," in Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems, 2016, pp. 245--258.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. Chen, S. Wang, Z. Li, and T. He, "Reliable physical-layer cross-technology communication with emulation error correction," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 612--624, 2020.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. Zhang and Q. Li, "Howies: A holistic approach to zigbee assisted wifi energy savings in mobile devices," in Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM, 2013.Google Scholar
- Z. Yin, W. Jiang, S. M. Kim, and T. He, "C-morse: Cross-technology communication with transparent morse coding," in IEEE INFOCOM 2017-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 2017, pp. 1--9.Google Scholar
- W. Jiang, Z. Yin, S. M. Kim, and T. He, "Transparent cross-technology communication over data traffic," in IEEE INFOCOM 2017-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 2017, pp. 1--9.Google Scholar
- W. Jiang, Z. Yin, R. Liu, Z. Li, S. M. Kim, and T. He, "Bluebee: a 10,000 x faster cross-technology communication via phy emulation," in Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems, 2017, pp. 1--13.Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Shi, D. Mu, and M. Sha, "Lorabee: Cross-technology communication from lora to zigbee via payload encoding," in 2019 IEEE 27th International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP). IEEE, 2019, pp. 1--11.Google Scholar
- S. Yang, Y. Wang, and X. Chu, "A survey of deep learning techniques for neural machine translation," arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.07526, 2020.Google Scholar
- M. X. Chen, O. Firat, A. Bapna, M. Johnson, W. Macherey, G. Foster, L. Jones, N. Parmar, M. Schuster, Z. Chen et al., "The best of both worlds: Combining recent advances in neural machine translation," arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.09849, 2018.Google Scholar
- J. Gehring, M. Auli, D. Grangier, D. Yarats, and Y. N. Dauphin, "Convolutional sequence to sequence learning," in International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 2017, pp. 1243--1252.Google Scholar
- D. Bahdanau, K. Cho, and Y. Bengio, "Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate," arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.0473, 2014.Google Scholar
- T. Wolf, L. Debut, V. Sanh, J. Chaumond, C. Delangue, A. Moi, P. Cistac, T. Rault, R. Louf, M. Funtowicz et al., "Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing," in Proceedings of the 2020 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing: system demonstrations, 2020, pp. 38--45.Google Scholar
- J. Devlin, M.-W. Chang, K. Lee, and K. Toutanova, "Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding," arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805, 2018.Google Scholar
- K. Ethayarajh, "How contextual are contextualized word representations? comparing the geometry of bert, elmo, and gpt-2 embeddings," arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.00512, 2019.Google Scholar
- I. Chung, B. Kim, Y. Choi, S. J. Kwon, Y. Jeon, B. Park, S. Kim, and D. Lee, "Extremely low bit transformer quantization for on-device neural machine translation," arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.07453, 2020.Google Scholar
- Z. Wu, Z. Liu, J. Lin, Y. Lin, and S. Han, "Lite transformer with long-short range attention," arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.11886, 2020.Google Scholar
- Z. Li, E. Wallace, S. Shen, K. Lin, K. Keutzer, D. Klein, and J. Gonzalez, "Train big, then compress: Rethinking model size for efficient training and inference of transformers," in International Conference on machine learning. PMLR, 2020, pp. 5958--5968.Google Scholar
- X. Guo, Y. He, X. Zheng, L. Yu, and O. Gnawali, "Zigfi: Harnessing channel state information for cross-technology communication," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 301--311, 2020.Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- XiTuXi: Sealing the Gaps in Cross-Technology Communication by Neural Machine Translation
Recommendations
Cross-Technology Communication for the Internet of Things: A Survey
The ever-developing Internet of Things (IoT) brings the prosperity of wireless sensing and control applications. In many scenarios, different wireless technologies coexist in the shared frequency medium as well as the physical space. Such wireless ...
Towards Symmetric Cross-technology Communication among Heterogeneous IoT Devices
ACM TURC '23: Proceedings of the ACM Turing Award Celebration Conference - China 2023Cross-Technology Communication (CTC) technique enables direct interconnection among heterogeneous devices, which provides new technical routes for IoT’s heterogeneous interconnection. However, existing CTC methods have a great dependence on the ...
Achieving Receiver-Side Cross-Technology Communication with Cross-Decoding
MobiCom '18: Proceedings of the 24th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and NetworkingCross-technology Communication (CTC) is a key technique to explore the full capacity of heterogeneous wireless. The latest CTC designs explore the PHY-layer to reach the standards' maximum rate, but leaving a critical gap to practicality -- existing PHY-...
Comments