skip to main content
10.1145/3626641.3627210acmotherconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagessietConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Implementing Welsh-Powell Algorithm on Coloring the Map of West Java

Published: 27 December 2023 Publication History

Abstract

Graph Theory is a very complex and difficult mathematical problem, with Graph Coloring as one of its most studied problem. Graph Coloring itself is an implementation of Graph Theory, where there can’t be neighboring vertexes that share the same color. At the same time, the aim of Graph Coloring is to have the least color used (Chromatic Number) to color the vertexes in a graph, while there can’t be any neighboring vertexes that have the same color. In this paper, we’re experimenting on one of the Graph Coloring implementations, which is Map Coloring. We’re experimenting on the usage of Welsh-Powell Algorithm, an algorithm deemed suitable for Scheduling, another implementation of Graph Coloring, and see if this algorithm is also suitable and usable for Map Coloring. By using the map of West Java as our dataset and converting it to a graph and then to a matrix, we obtained a result in the shape of a colored map. Our result proves that Welsh-Powell algorithm is indeed suitable and usable, providing a satisfactory output where it’s uncomplicated to observe and the limits of areas (districts and cities) are clearly visible. In addition to that, Welsh-Powell Algorithm managed to perform better than the Greedy Algorithm from similar research, resulting a map with the same Chromatic Number as a map with lesser vertices colored by the Greedy Algorithm.

References

[1]
Dahlan Abdullah, Nurdin, Marsali Yaton, Heri Sujatmiko, Sepyan Purnama Kristanto, Hendra Nazmi, Irma Lisa Sridanti, Andang Suhendi, Abdurrozzaq Hasibuan, Renny Kurniawati, Darmadi Erwin Harahap, Hendry Dinus Hutabarat, and I Ketut Sudarsana. 2019. Lecture Scheduling System Using Welch Powell Graph Coloring Algorithm in Informatics Engineering Departement of Universitas Malikussaleh. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1363, 1 (nov 2019), 012074. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1363/1/012074
[2]
Faisal Abdulaziz Alfouzan, Alireza Shahrabi, Seyed Mohammad Ghoreyshi, and Tuleen Boutaleb. 2019. A Collision-Free Graph Coloring MAC Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks. IEEE Access 7 (2019), 39862–39878. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2906555
[3]
Samsul Arifin, Indra Bayu Muktyas, and Jeremy Matthew Mandei. 2022. Graph coloring program for variation of exam scheduling modeling at Binus University based on Welsh and Powell algorithm. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2279, 1 (may 2022), 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2279/1/012005
[4]
Maram Assi, Bahia Halawi, and Ramzi A. Haraty. 2018. Genetic Algorithm Analysis using the Graph Coloring Method for Solving the University Timetable Problem. Procedia Computer Science 126 (2018), 899–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.08.024 KnowledgeBased and Intelligent Information Engineering Systems: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference, KES-2018, Belgrade, Serbia.
[5]
Nuril Lutvi Azizah and Novia Ariyanti. 2019. Vertices Coloring Technique Using Graph Methods For Determining Minimal Map Colors. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1232, 1 (sep 2019), 012030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1232/1/012030
[6]
Meriem Bensouyad, Nousseiba Guidoum, and Djamel-Eddine Saïdouni. 2015. A New and Fast Evolutionary Algorithm for Strict Strong Graph Coloring Problem. Procedia Computer Science 73 (2015), 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.059 International Conference on Advanced Wireless Information and Communication Technologies (AWICT 2015).
[7]
Betul Boz and Gizem Sungu. 2020. Integrated Crossover Based Evolutionary Algorithm for Coloring Vertex-Weighted Graphs. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 126743–126759. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3008886
[8]
Suman De. 2022. An efficient technique of resource scheduling in cloud using graph coloring algorithm. Global Transitions Proceedings 3, 1 (2022), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gltp.2022.03.005 International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Approach(ICIEA-2022).
[9]
Suman De and Vinod Vijayakumaran. 2020. An Efficient Algorithm in Project Management for Resource Scheduling and Conflict Management using Graph Coloring Technique. In 2020 IEEE International Conference for Innovation in Technology (INOCON). 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/INOCON50539.2020.9298193
[10]
Guillermo De Ita Luna, Cristina López-Ramírez, Ana E. De Ita-Varela, and Jorge E. Gutiérrez-Gómez. 2020. A Heuristic for the Coloring of Planar Graphs. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 354 (2020), 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2020.10.008 Proceedings of the Eleventh and Twelfth Latin American Workshop on Logic/Languages, Algorithms and New Methods of Reasoning (LANMR).
[11]
Marc Demange, Tınaz Ekim, Bernard Ries, and Cerasela Tanasescu. 2015. On some applications of the selective graph coloring problem. European Journal of Operational Research 240, 2 (2015), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.05.011
[12]
Tansel Dokeroglu and Ender Sevinc. 2021. Memetic Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization algorithms for large graph coloring problems. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 102 (2021), 104282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2021.104282
[13]
Diandra Fransisca and Safar Kurniawan. 2020. Welch powell algoritma aplication to identify the conflict of lesson timetable (case study: informatics engineering, stikom yos sudarso Purwokerto). International Journal of Technology, Innovation and Humanities 1 (10 2020), 57–61. https://doi.org/10.29210/881801
[14]
Anjali Gangrade, Bhawna Agrawal, Sanjeet Kumar, and Akhlak Mansuri. 2022. A study of applications of graph colouring in various fields. International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics 7 (3 2022), 51–53. Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.22271/maths.2022.v7.i2a.795
[15]
Olivier Goudet, Béatrice Duval, and Jin-Kao Hao. 2021. Population-based gradient descent weight learning for graph coloring problems. Knowledge-Based Systems 212 (2021), 106581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2020.106581
[16]
Olivier Goudet, Cyril Grelier, and Jin-Kao Hao. 2022. A deep learning guided memetic framework for graph coloring problems. Knowledge-Based Systems 258 (2022), 109986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2022.109986
[17]
Lars Jaffke and Bart M.P. Jansen. 2023. Fine-grained parameterized complexity analysis of graph coloring problems. Discrete Applied Mathematics 327 (2023), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2022.11.011
[18]
Predrag Jovanović, Norbert Pavlović, Ivan Belošević, and Sanjin Milinković. 2020. Graph coloring-based approach for railway station design analysis and capacity determination. European Journal of Operational Research 287, 1 (2020), 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2020.04.057
[19]
Christian Konrad and Viktor Zamaraev. 2022. Distributed minimum vertex coloring and maximum independent set in chordal graphs. Theoretical Computer Science 922 (2022), 486–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2022.04.047
[20]
Christian Konrad and Viktor Zamaraev. 2022. Distributed minimum vertex coloring and maximum independent set in chordal graphs. Theoretical Computer Science 922 (6 2022), 486–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2022.04.047
[21]
Alexandr Kostochka, André Raspaud, and Jingwei Xu. 2021. Injective edge-coloring of graphs with given maximum degree. European Journal of Combinatorics 96 (2021), 103355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejc.2021.103355
[22]
Said LABED, Akram KOUT, and Salim CHIKHI. 2018. Solving the graph b-coloring problem with hybrid genetic algorithm. In 2018 3rd International Conference on Pattern Analysis and Intelligent Systems (PAIS). 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/PAIS.2018.8598525
[23]
Mehdi Mrad, Olfa Harrabi, Jouhaina Chaouachi Siala, and Anis Gharbi. 2020. A Column Generation-Based Lower Bound for the Minimum Sum Coloring Problem. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 57891–57904. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2973122
[24]
P. Nandal, Ankit Satyawali, Dhananjay Sachdeva, and Abhinav Singh Tomar. 2021. Graph Coloring based Scheduling Algorithm to automatically generate College Course Timetable. In 2021 11th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science Engineering (Confluence). 210–214. https://doi.org/10.1109/Confluence51648.2021.9377151
[25]
Ajay Narayan Shukl and M.L. Garg. 2018. A List based Approach to Solve Graph Coloring Problem. In 2018 International Conference on System Modeling Advancement in Research Trends (SMART). 265–267. https://doi.org/10.1109/SYSMART.2018.8746966
[26]
Karen B. Schloss, Connor C. Gramazio, Allison T. Silverman, Madeline L. Parker, and Audrey S. Wang. 2019. Mapping Color to Meaning in Colormap Data Visualizations. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 25, 1 (2019), 810–819. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2018.2865147
[27]
Islam Elsayed Shaalan, Abdelrahman Ahmed Khattaby, and Ahmed Shaaban Dessouki. 2019. A New Joint TSPA/WGC Pilot Contamination Reduction Strategy Based on Exact Graph Coloring Grouping Algorithm. IEEE Access 7 (2019), 150552–150564. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947665
[28]
T N Sipayung, S Suwilo, P Gultom, and Mardiningsih. 2022. Implementation of the greedy algorithm on graph coloring. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2157, 1 (jan 2022), 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2157/1/012003
[29]
Richelle L. Smith and Thomas H. Lee. 2023. Polychronous Oscillatory Cellular Neural Networks for Solving Graph Coloring Problems. IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems 4 (2023), 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCAS.2023.3262204
[30]
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2023. Badan Pusat Statistik bps.go.id. https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/16/1189/1/jumlah-perjalanan-wisatawan-nusantara.html. [Accessed 12-10-2023].
[31]
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2023. Badan Pusat Statistik sulut.bps.go.id. https://sulut.bps.go.id/indicator/12/958/1/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-provinsi-di-indonesia.html. [Accessed 12-10-2023].
[32]
Eckhard Steffen and Alexander Vogel. 2021. Concepts of signed graph coloring. European Journal of Combinatorics 91 (2021), 103226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejc.2020.103226 Colorings and structural graph theory in context (a tribute to Xuding Zhu).
[33]
Wen Sun, Jin-Kao Hao, Yuhao Zang, and Xiangjing Lai. 2021. A solution-driven multilevel approach for graph coloring. Applied Soft Computing 104 (2021), 107174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107174
[34]
Simon Thevenin, Nicolas Zufferey, and Jean-Yves Potvin. 2018. Graph multi-coloring for a job scheduling application. Discrete Applied Mathematics 234 (2018), 218–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2016.05.023 Special Issue on the Ninth International Colloquium on Graphs and Optimization (GO IX), 2014.
[35]
Besjana Tosuni. 2015. Graph Coloring Problems in Modern Computer Science. European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1 (8 2015), 87. Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v1i2.p87-95

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Research and Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms for Solving Graph Coloring ProblemsProceedings of the 2024 8th International Conference on Big Data and Internet of Things10.1145/3697355.3697418(382-386)Online publication date: 14-Sep-2024

Index Terms

  1. Implementing Welsh-Powell Algorithm on Coloring the Map of West Java
      Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Information & Contributors

      Information

      Published In

      cover image ACM Other conferences
      SIET '23: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Sustainable Information Engineering and Technology
      October 2023
      722 pages
      ISBN:9798400708503
      DOI:10.1145/3626641
      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      Published: 27 December 2023

      Permissions

      Request permissions for this article.

      Check for updates

      Author Tags

      1. graph coloring
      2. graph theory
      3. map coloring
      4. mapping
      5. welsh and powellACM Reference

      Qualifiers

      • Research-article
      • Research
      • Refereed limited

      Conference

      SIET 2023

      Acceptance Rates

      Overall Acceptance Rate 45 of 57 submissions, 79%

      Contributors

      Other Metrics

      Bibliometrics & Citations

      Bibliometrics

      Article Metrics

      • Downloads (Last 12 months)25
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)3
      Reflects downloads up to 05 Mar 2025

      Other Metrics

      Citations

      Cited By

      View all
      • (2024)Research and Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms for Solving Graph Coloring ProblemsProceedings of the 2024 8th International Conference on Big Data and Internet of Things10.1145/3697355.3697418(382-386)Online publication date: 14-Sep-2024

      View Options

      Login options

      View options

      PDF

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      HTML Format

      View this article in HTML Format.

      HTML Format

      Figures

      Tables

      Media

      Share

      Share

      Share this Publication link

      Share on social media