ABSTRACT
Real-time communication and control performance are the precursor of industrial cyber-physical systems that employ Wireless Networked Control System (WNCS) in critical industrial applications including process control and smart manufacturing. Control performance and real-time communication are interdependent in a WNCS. Hence, optimizing control performance under limited resource of network requires a cyber-physical codesign approach. A codesign approach needs to be online to take into account both the current network condition and the current control behavior. Leading industrial wireless standards such as WirelessHART and ISA100 adopt software-defined networking as a centralized routing mechanism. Hence, in current approach, transmission schedules of the entire network are created centrally at a network manager in advance and are then disseminated to the nodes. Control performance optimization usually requires to update sampling rates and/or priorities of the control loops, thereby requiring to re-create the schedules. Thus, it becomes highly inefficient under the current fully centralized scheduling approach. In this paper, we propose to optimize control performance in an industrial WNCS through a scheduling-control codesign based on a local and online scheduling approach proposed in a recent work. We formulate the scheduling-control codesign problem to optimize the control performance based on model predictive control theory. Unlike existing offline solution, our codesign complies with online scheduling and entails a rolling optimization to take into account the current control performance to dynamically update the rates and priorities of the control loops. We propose a highly scalable solution of the codesign problem based on a local search approach used as an anytime algorithm.
- [1] [n. d.]. http://it.hartcomm.org/hcp/tech/wihart/wireless_overview.html.Google Scholar
- [2] [n. d.]. http://it.hartcomm.org/hcp/tech/applications/applications_success_mitsubishi_chemical.html.Google Scholar
- [3] [n. d.]. http://it.hartcomm.org/hcp/tech/applications/applications_success_monsanto.html.Google Scholar
- [4] [n. d.]. http://it.hartcomm.org/hcp/tech/applications/applications_success_detroitwater.html.Google Scholar
- [5] [n. d.]. http://it.hartcomm.org/hcp/tech/applications/applications_success_Kapstone.html.Google Scholar
- [6] [n. d.]. http://it.hartcomm.org/hcp/tech/applications/applications_success_duke.html.Google Scholar
- [n. d.]. IEEE 802.15.4. http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.15.html.Google Scholar
- [n. d.]. ISA100: Wireless Systems for Automation. http://www.isa.org/MSTemplate.cfm?MicrositeID=1134&CommitteeID=6891.Google Scholar
- 2007. WirelessHART. https://www.fieldcommgroup.org/technologies/hart.Google Scholar
- 2011. I.E.C.C. IEC/PAS 62601: IndustriaL Communication Networks – Fieldbus Specifications – WIA-PA Communication Network and Communication Profile. International Electrotechnical Commission: Worcester, MA, USA.Google Scholar
- Ravindra K. Ahujaa, James B. Orlinb, and Dushyant Sharmac. 2000. Very large-scale neighborhood search. Intl. Trans. in Op. Res. (2000), 301–317.Google Scholar
- Jia Bai, Emeka P. Eyisi, Fan Qiu, Yuan Xue, and Xenofon D. Koutsoukos. 2012. Optimal Cross-Layer Design of Sampling Rate Adaptation and Network Scheduling for Wireless Networked Control Systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS). 107–116.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Roberto Battiti, Mauro Brunato, and Franco Mascia. 2008. Reactive Search and Intelligent Optimization. Springer.Google Scholar
- G. C. Buttazzo. 2005. Hard Real-Time Computing Systems. Springer. 2nd edition.Google Scholar
- RobertI. Davis, Alan Burns, ReinderJ. Bril, and JohanJ. Lukkien. 2007. Controller Area Network (CAN) schedulability analysis: Refuted, revisited and revised. Real-Time Systems 35, 3 (2007), 239–272.Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Ishibuchi and T. Murata. 1998. A multi-objective genetic local search algorithm and its application to flowshop scheduling. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, IEEE Transactions on 28, 3 (aug 1998), 392 –403.Google Scholar
- H.-J. Korber, H. Wattar, and G. Scholl. 2007. Modular Wireless Real-Time Sensor/Actuator Network for Factory Automation Applications. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 3, 2 (2007), 111–119.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Xiangheng Liu and A. Goldsmith. 2004. Wireless network design for distributed control. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). 2823–2829.Google Scholar
- Xiangheng Liu and Andrea J. Goldsmith. 2005. Cross-layer design of distributed control over wireless network. In Proceedings of the Systems and Control: Foundations and Applications, Birkhauser.Google Scholar
- J M Maciejowski. 2002. Predictive Control With Constraints. Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
- Venkata Prashant Modekurthy and Abusayeed Saifullah. 2019. Online Period Selection for Wireless Control Systems. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Internet (ICII). 170–179.Google Scholar
- Venkata Prashant Modekurthy, Abusayeed Saifullah, and Sanjay Madria. 2019. DistributedHART: A Distributed Real-Time Scheduling System for WirelessHART Networks. In 2019 IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS). 216–227.Google Scholar
- Venkata P. Modekurthy, Abusayeed Saifullah, and Sanjay Madria. 2021. A Distributed Real-Time Scheduling System for Industrial Wireless Networks. 20, 5, Article 46 (Jul 2021), 28 pages.Google Scholar
- T. Murata, H. Ishibuchi, and M. Gen. 1998. Neighborhood structure for genetic local search algorithms. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Electronic Systems(KES ’98).Google Scholar
- P. Park, J. Araújo, and K.H. Johansson. 2011. Wireless networked control system co-design. In Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC), 2011 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 486–491. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5874926Google Scholar
- Abusayeed Saifullah, Dolvara Gunatilaka, Paras Tiwari, Mo Sha, Chenyang Lu, Bo Li, Chengjie Wu, and Yixin Chen. 2015. Schedulability Analysis under Graph Routing in WirelessHART Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS). 165–174.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Abusayeed Saifullah, Chengjie Wu, Paras Tiwari, You Xu, Yong Fu, Chenyang Lu, and Yixin Chen. 2012. Near Optimal Rate Selection for Wireless Control Systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS). 231–240.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Abusayeed Saifullah, Chengjie Wu, Paras Tiwari, You Xu, Yong Fu, Chenyang Lu, and Yixin Chen. 2013. Near Optimal Rate Selection for Wireless Control Systems. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 13, 4s (2013), 128:1–128:25. Special Issue on Real-Time and Embedded Systems.Google Scholar
- Abusayeed Saifullah, You Xu, Chenyang Lu, and Yixin Chen. 2010. Real-Time Scheduling for WirelessHART Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS). 150–159.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Abusayeed Saifullah, You Xu, Chenyang Lu, and Yixin Chen. 2011. End-to-End Delay Analysis for Fixed Priority Scheduling in WirelessHART Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS). 13–22.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Abusayeed Saifullah, You Xu, Chenyang Lu, and Yixin Chen. 2011. Priority Assignment for Real-time Flows in WirelessHART networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS). 35–44.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Abusayeed Saifullah, You Xu, Chenyang Lu, and Yixin Chen. 2014. End-to-end communication delay analysis in industrial wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Comput. 64, 5 (2014), 1361–1374.Google ScholarDigital Library
- F. Smarra, A. D’Innocenzo, and M. D. Di Benedetto. 2012. Optimal co-design of control, scheduling and routing in multi-hop control networks. In 2012 IEEE 51st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). 1960–1965.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Song, A. K. Mok, D. Chen, and M. Nixon. 2006. Challenges of Wireless Control in Process Industry. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Research Directions for Security and Networking in Critical Real-Time and Embedded Systems (CRTES). 1–4.Google Scholar
- Yuan-Qing Xia, Yu-Long Gao, Li-Ping Yan, and Meng-Yin Fu. 2015. Recent progress in networked control systems — A survey. International Journal of Automation and Computing 12, 4 (01 Aug 2015), 343–367.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lin Xiao, Mikael Johansson, Haitham Hindi, Stephen Boyd, and Andrea Goldsmith. 2005. Joint Optimization of Wireless Communication and Networked Control Systems. Switching and Learning in Feedback Systems 3355 (2005), 248–272.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hao Xu and S. Jagannathan. 2013. Distributed Joint Optimal Network Scheduling and Controller Design for Wireless Networks. Springer New York, 147–162.Google Scholar
- Takeshi Yamada and Ryohei Nakano. 1996. Scheduling by genetic local search with multi-step crossover. 1141 (1996), 960–969.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Scalable Real-Time Control in Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems
Recommendations
Cyber/Physical Co-verification for Developing Reliable Cyber-physical Systems
COMPSAC '13: Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 37th Annual Computer Software and Applications ConferenceCyber-Physical Systems (CPS) tightly integrate cyber and physical components and transcend discrete and continuous domains. It is greatly desired that the physical components being controlled and the software implementation of control algorithms can be ...
Advanced Control Technologies in Cyber-physical System
IHMSC '13: Proceedings of the 2013 5th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics - Volume 02Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are high-integration systems which integrate computing, communication and physical process. CPS achieves the perception of external environment by means of all kinds of networks and wired/wireless sensors. Also, the system ...
Comments