ABSTRACT
Depression often co-occurs with various psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between bullying experiences in adolescents diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and the prevalence of anxiety. Additionally, the research explored whether perceived social support could mitigate this connection. A total of 2,343 adolescents with MDD were recruited from fourteen hospitals in China for this cross-sectional, multi-center study. The analysis involved multiple logistic regression models to assess the impact of bullying on anxiety and the potential moderating effects of different sources of social support. The prevalence of bullying among adolescents with MDD varied across different levels of anxiety, with an increasing incidence of bullying corresponding to higher levels of anxiety. When compared to individuals with low levels of social support, adolescents with MDD who received substantial support from both friends and family were 61% less likely to experience anxiety. Receiving moderate levels of support from friends was associated with a reduced likelihood of severe anxiety, approximately by 35%. Similarly, obtaining medium levels of family support led to a substantial reduction in the likelihood of experiencing moderate and severe anxiety to 0.51 and 0.46 times the original likelihood. Notably, perceived social support was found to reduce the probability of moderate and severe anxiety among adolescents with MDD who experienced bullying by 31% and 34%, compared to those without perceived support. Moderate family support was associated with lower chances of experiencing moderate and severe anxiety. Moreover, perceived social support was shown to effectively mitigate the adverse impact of bullying on anxiety.
- J. E. Callaghan, L. C. Fellin, and F. Warner-Gale, "A critical analysis of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services policy in England," Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 109-127, 2017.Google Scholar
- R. C. Kessler, S. Avenevoli, and K. R. Merikangas, "Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective," Biological psychiatry, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 1002-1014, 2001.Google ScholarCross Ref
- T. A. Erbacher, J. B. Singer, and S. Poland, Suicide in schools: A practitioner's guide to multi-level prevention, assessment, intervention, and postvention. Routledge, 2014.Google ScholarCross Ref
- E. Erzen and Ö. Çikrikci, "The effect of loneliness on depression: A meta-analysis," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 427-435, 2018.Google ScholarCross Ref
- M. W. Gijzen, S. P. Rasing, D. H. Creemers, F. Smit, R. C. Engels, and D. De Beurs, "Suicide ideation as a symptom of adolescent depression. A network analysis," Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 278, pp. 68-77, 2021.Google ScholarCross Ref
- E. A. Bertha and J. Balázs, "Subthreshold depression in adolescence: a systematic review," European child & adolescent psychiatry, vol. 22, pp. 589-603, 2013.Google Scholar
- M. Cassels and P. Wilkinson, "Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence," Paediatrics and Child Health, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 554-558, 2016.Google ScholarCross Ref
- E. J. Costello, S. Mustillo, A. Erkanli, G. Keeler, and A. Angold, "Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence," Archives of general psychiatry, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 837-844, 2003.Google ScholarCross Ref
- R. C. Kessler , "Anxious and non-anxious major depressive disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys," Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 210-226, 2015.Google Scholar
- M. J. Prinstein, C. S. Cheah, and A. E. Guyer, "Peer victimization, cue interpretation, and internalizing symptoms: Preliminary concurrent and longitudinal findings for children and adolescents," Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 11-24, 2005.Google ScholarCross Ref
- M. E. Coles and S. L. Coleman, "Barriers to treatment seeking for anxiety disorders: initial data on the role of mental health literacy," Depression and anxiety, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 63-71, 2010.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Velten , "Lifestyle choices and mental health: a representative population survey," BMC psychology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2014.Google ScholarCross Ref
- T. R. Nansel, M. Overpeck, R. S. Pilla, W. J. Ruan, B. Simons-Morton, and P. Scheidt, "Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment," Jama, vol. 285, no. 16, pp. 2094-2100, 2001.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Owusu, P. Hart, B. Oliver, and M. Kang, "The association between bullying and psychological health among senior high school students in Ghana, West Africa," Journal of school health, vol. 81, no. 5, pp. 231-238, 2011.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Q.-Q. Chen, M.-T. Chen, Y.-H. Zhu, K. L. Chan, and P. Ip, "Health correlates, addictive behaviors, and peer victimization among adolescents in China," World journal of pediatrics, vol. 14, pp. 454-460, 2018.Google ScholarCross Ref
- R. Ringdal, H. N. Bjørnsen, G. A. Espnes, M.-E. Bradley Eilertsen, and U. K. Moksnes, "Bullying, social support and adolescents’ mental health: Results from a follow-up study," Scandinavian journal of public health, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 309-316, 2021.Google Scholar
- X. Weng, W. H. Chui, and L. Liu, "Bullying behaviors among Macanese adolescents—association with psychosocial variables," International journal of environmental research and public health, vol. 14, no. 8, p. 887, 2017.Google Scholar
- T. Ronen, L. Hamama, M. Rosenbaum, and A. Mishely-Yarlap, "Subjective well-being in adolescence: The role of self-control, social support, age, gender, and familial crisis," Journal of happiness studies, vol. 17, pp. 81-104, 2016.Google ScholarCross Ref
- G.-J. Will, P. A. van Lier, E. A. Crone, and B. Güroğlu, "Chronic childhood peer rejection is associated with heightened neural responses to social exclusion during adolescence," Journal of abnormal child psychology, vol. 44, pp. 43-55, 2016.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Y. Rueger, C. K. Malecki, Y. Pyun, C. Aycock, and S. Coyle, "A meta-analytic review of the association between perceived social support and depression in childhood and adolescence," Psychological bulletin, vol. 142, no. 10, p. 1017, 2016.Google ScholarCross Ref
- P. Pössel, S. M. Burton, B. Cauley, M. G. Sawyer, S. H. Spence, and J. Sheffield, "Associations between social support from family, friends, and teachers and depressive symptoms in adolescents," Journal of youth and adolescence, vol. 47, pp. 398-412, 2018.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Guo, M. Li, X. Wang, S. Ma, and J. Ma, "Being bullied and depressive symptoms in Chinese high school students: The role of social support," Psychiatry research, vol. 284, p. 112676, 2020.Google ScholarCross Ref
- R. L. Spitzer, K. Kroenke, J. B. Williams, and B. Löwe, "A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7," Archives of internal medicine, vol. 166, no. 10, pp. 1092-1097, 2006.Google ScholarCross Ref
- H. Mynard and S. Joseph, "Development of the multidimensional peer‐victimization scale," Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 169-178, 2000.Google ScholarCross Ref
- T. Singham , "Concurrent and longitudinal contribution of exposure to bullying in childhood to mental health: the role of vulnerability and resilience," JAMA psychiatry, vol. 74, no. 11, pp. 1112-1119, 2017.Google ScholarCross Ref
- W. Zhang , "Demographic characteristics, family environment and psychosocial factors affecting internet addiction in Chinese adolescents," Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 315, pp. 130-138, 2022.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. S. Kazarian and S. B. McCabe, "Dimensions of social support in the MSPSS: Factorial structure, reliability, and theoretical implications," Journal of Community psychology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 150-160, 1991.Google ScholarCross Ref
- M. N. Karanikola, A. Lyberg, A.-L. Holm, and E. Severinsson, "The association between deliberate self-harm and school bullying victimization and the mediating effect of depressive symptoms and self-stigma: a systematic review," BioMed research international, vol. 2018, 2018.Google ScholarCross Ref
- K. R. Hebert, J. Fales, D. W. Nangle, A. A. Papadakis, and R. L. Grover, "Linking social anxiety and adolescent romantic relationship functioning: Indirect effects and the importance of peers," Journal of youth and adolescence, vol. 42, pp. 1708-1720, 2013.Google ScholarCross Ref
- H. T. H. Le, N. Tran, M. A. Campbell, M. L. Gatton, H. T. Nguyen, and M. P. Dunne, "Mental health problems both precede and follow bullying among adolescents and the effects differ by gender: a cross-lagged panel analysis of school-based longitudinal data in Vietnam," International journal of mental health systems, vol. 13, pp. 1-10, 2019.Google Scholar
- M. K. Holt and D. L. Espelage, "Perceived social support among bullies, victims, and bully-victims," Journal of youth and adolescence, vol. 36, pp. 984-994, 2007.Google ScholarCross Ref
- C. Du, K. DeGuisto, J. Albright, and S. Alrehaili, "Peer support as a mediator between bullying victimization and depression," 2018.Google ScholarCross Ref
- T. Jovanovic , "Physiological markers of anxiety are increased in children of abused mothers," Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 844-852, 2011.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Kidger, J. Heron, D. A. Leon, K. Tilling, G. Lewis, and D. Gunnell, "Self-reported school experience as a predictor of self-harm during adolescence: A prospective cohort study in the South West of England (ALSPAC)," Journal of affective disorders, vol. 173, pp. 163-169, 2015.Google ScholarCross Ref
- L. Arseneault, "The long‐term impact of bullying victimization on mental health," World psychiatry, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 27, 2017.Google ScholarCross Ref
- M. Hysing, K. G. Askeland, A. M. La Greca, M. E. Solberg, K. Breivik, and B. Sivertsen, "Bullying involvement in adolescence: implications for sleep, mental health, and academic outcomes," Journal of interpersonal violence, vol. 36, no. 17-18, pp. NP8992-NP9014, 2021.Google ScholarCross Ref
- N. Noret, S. C. Hunter, and S. Rasmussen, "The role of perceived social support in the relationship between being bullied and mental health difficulties in adolescents," School Mental Health, vol. 12, pp. 156-168, 2020.Google ScholarCross Ref
- K. Hellfeldt, L. López-Romero, and H. Andershed, "Cyberbullying and psychological well-being in young adolescence: the potential protective mediation effects of social support from family, friends, and teachers," International journal of environmental research and public health, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 45, 2020.Google Scholar
- H. C. Hong and A. Min, "Peer victimization, supportive parenting, and depression among adolescents in South Korea: A longitudinal study," Journal of Pediatric Nursing, vol. 43, pp. e100-e105, 2018.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Cohen and T. A. Wills, "Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis," Psychological bulletin, vol. 98, no. 2, p. 310, 1985.Google ScholarCross Ref
- M. Sainio, R. Veenstra, G. Huitsing, and C. Salmivalli, "Victims and their defenders: A dyadic approach," International journal of behavioral development, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 144-151, 2011.Google Scholar
- C. B. Barra, I. N. Silva, T. M. B. Rodrigues, J. L. S. Santos, and E. A. Colosimo, "Morning serum basal cortisol levels are affected by age and pubertal maturation in school-aged children and adolescents," Hormone research in pædiatrics, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 55-61, 2015.Google ScholarCross Ref
- I. Yun and S.-G. Kim, "Bullying among South Korean adolescents: Prevalence and association with psychological adjustment," Violence and victims, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 167-184, 2016.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Fröjd, R. Kaltiala-Heino, and M. Rimpelä, "The association of parental monitoring and family structure with diverse maladjustment outcomes in middle adolescent boys and girls," Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 296-303, 2007.Google ScholarCross Ref
- K. M. Beaver, J. P. Wright, and M. DeLisi, "Delinquent peer group formation: Evidence of a gene X environment correlation," The Journal of genetic psychology, vol. 169, no. 3, pp. 227-244, 2008.Google ScholarCross Ref
- W. Hu, X. Fang, H. Chen, L. Deng, and X. Lin, "The relationship between three-domain competences and internalizing and externalizing problems in Chinese high school students," Child Indicators Research, vol. 8, pp. 943-959, 2015.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- Effects of bullying and perceived social support on anxiety among adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder
Recommendations
Cyberbullying and traditional bullying involvement among heterosexual and non-heterosexual adolescents, and their associations with age and gender
IntroductionTraditional (offline) bullying and cyberbullying involvement are associated with severe psychosocial problems. Non-heterosexual (LGBQ) youth are more often victimized by traditional bullying than heterosexual (non-LGBQ) youth, but little ...
Sexting experiences and motivations among adolescents with ADHD and ASD
AbstractSexting (i.e., to send and receive self-produced sexual materials) has become a common element in adolescents’ socio-sexual exploration. Although often harmless, sexting also involves the risk of abuse, and potentially more so for some ...
Highlights- Adolescents, including those with ADHD/ASD, mainly use sexting for sexual gratification and exploration.
Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying: The Experiences of Poly-Victimization Among Diverse Youth
This study sought to advance the authors' understanding of the relationship between traditional bullying i.e., verbal and physical and cyberbullying. Data were collected from 1,182 participants, ages 13 to 25 M = 19.66; SD = 3.03 from 75 different ...
Comments