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Multi-Hop and Mesh for LoRa Networks: Recent Advancements, Issues, and Recommended Applications

Published: 22 January 2024 Publication History

Abstract

A comprehensive review is presented on the latest approaches to solutions focusing on multi-hop and mesh LoRa networks through the evaluation of simulations and real-world experiments, based on papers published between 2015 and 2023. The approaches are systematically classified into four (4) aspects: energy awareness, concurrent access and duty cycle regulations, routing protocols, and security. The first aspect encompasses parameter selection, distance, and clustering. The second aspect focuses on network segregation and time synchronisation. The third aspect covers proactive, reactive, and hybrid routing protocols. The aspect of security includes privacy and Denial-of-Service (DoS). Findings show a consensus that multi-hop networks and adherence to radio duty cycle are able to lower average power consumption. Concurrent access method can improve network performance, but more research is needed due to different conclusions. Reactive protocols have a slight advantage over proactive protocols in terms of node deployment scalability and lower power consumption due to less frequent routing table updates. Hybrid protocols are only beneficial in specific topology deployments. Security is still a major concern for LoRa networks, particularly on attacks such as Man-In-The-Middle (MITM), spoofing, wormholes, flooding, packet replay, and information disclosure. The upcoming trend of implementing machine learning algorithms to multi-hop and mesh LoRa networks opens up a wide range of possibilities, ranging from airspace efficiency, efficient route selection, and improving data throughput. A detailed discussion of the aspects’ issues and recommended industry applications that will benefit from multi-hop and mesh LoRa networks are also provided.

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    cover image ACM Computing Surveys
    ACM Computing Surveys  Volume 56, Issue 6
    June 2024
    963 pages
    EISSN:1557-7341
    DOI:10.1145/3613600
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    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 22 January 2024
    Online AM: 20 December 2023
    Accepted: 15 December 2023
    Revised: 09 October 2023
    Received: 26 November 2022
    Published in CSUR Volume 56, Issue 6

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    Author Tags

    1. LoRa
    2. LoRaWAN
    3. multi-hop
    4. energy consumption
    5. duty cycle
    6. routing
    7. security

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