skip to main content
10.1145/3681716.3689446acmotherconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesmindtrekConference Proceedingsconference-collections
poster

Virtual Reality for Mindfulness: Aspects for Helping or Hindering Focus and Practice

Published: 08 October 2024 Publication History

Abstract

Virtual reality is increasingly being explored as a tool for facilitating mindfulness practices, such as through various guided meditation applications currently available. However, it is unclear how the technological affordances of virtual reality align with the goals of mindfulness and how such experiences can be designed to optimally exploit these affordances. We use a guided body-scan meditation in virtual reality and qualitative data from interviews to offer general insight into users’ experiences of virtual reality as a tool for mindfulness and relaxation more broadly. Our results highlight the potential to create audio-visual focus points for helping some participants concentrate, but also the pitfalls of this approach as a source of distraction for others. We point out avenues for further research, specifically into the interactive nature of VR, the benefits and drawbacks of novelty, alternative modes of self-representation, and the potential gap between VR-based practice and everyday mindfulness.

References

[1]
Stephen Alexanian, Maxwell Foxman, and Danny Pimentel. 2022. Virtual reality and music’s impact on psychological well-being. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences 3 (2022). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fresc.2022.864990
[2]
Thea Andersen, Gintare Anisimovaite, Anders Christiansen, Mohamed Hussein, Carol Lund, Thomas Nielsen, Eoin Rafferty, Niels C. Nilsson, Rolf Nordahl, and Stefania Serafin. 2017. A preliminary study of users’ experiences of meditation in virtual reality. In 2017 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR). IEEE, 343–344. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2017.7892317 ISSN: 2375-5334.
[3]
Pasquale Arpaia, Giovanni D’Errico, Lucio Tommaso De Paolis, Nicola Moccaldi, and Fabiana Nuccetelli. 2022. A Narrative Review of Mindfulness-Based Interventions Using Virtual Reality. Mindfulness 13, 3 (March 2022), 556–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01783-6
[4]
Amit Bernstein, Yuval Hadash, Yael Lichtash, Galia Tanay, Kathrine Shepherd, and David M. Fresco. 2015. Decentering and Related Constructs: A Critical Review and Metacognitive Processes Model. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science 10, 5 (Sept. 2015), 599–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615594577
[5]
Verena Biener, Snehanjali Kalamkar, Negar Nouri, Eyal Ofek, Michel Pahud, John J. Dudley, Jinghui Hu, Per Ola Kristensson, Maheshya Weerasinghe, Klen Čopič Pucihar, Matjaž Kljun, Stephan Streuber, and Jens Grubert. 2022. Quantifying the Effects of Working in VR for One Week. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 28, 11 (Nov. 2022), 3810–3820. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2022.3203103 Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.
[6]
Isak de Villiers Bosman, Mila Bujić, Laura Diana Cosio, Oğuz ’Oz’ Buruk, Kristine Jørgensen, and Juho Hamari. 2024. The relationship of visual and aural perspective with decentering in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 4th African Human Computer Interaction Conference(AfriCHI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 15–18. https://doi.org/10.1145/3628096.3628741
[7]
Willoughby B Britton. 2019. Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way. Current Opinion in Psychology 28 (Aug. 2019), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.011
[8]
Ausiàs Cebolla, Rocío Herrero, Sara Ventura, Marta Miragall, Miguel Bellosta-Batalla, Roberto Llorens, and Rosa Ma Baños. 2019. Putting Oneself in the Body of Others: A Pilot Study on the Efficacy of an Embodied Virtual Reality System to Generate Self-Compassion. Frontiers in Psychology 10 (2019). https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01521
[9]
Mark Cropley, Michael Ussher, and Elli Charitou. 2007. Acute effects of a guided relaxation routine (body scan) on tobacco withdrawal symptoms and cravings in abstinent smokers. Addiction 102, 6 (2007), 989–993. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01832.x _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01832.x.
[10]
Henrique Galvan Debarba, Sidney Bovet, Roy Salomon, Olaf Blanke, Bruno Herbelin, and Ronan Boulic. 2017. Characterizing first and third person viewpoints and their alternation for embodied interaction in virtual reality. PLOS ONE 12, 12 (Dec. 2017), e0190109. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190109 Publisher: Public Library of Science.
[11]
Nina Döllinger, Carolin Wienrich, and Marc Erich Latoschik. 2021. Challenges and Opportunities of Immersive Technologies for Mindfulness Meditation: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2 (2021). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frvir.2021.644683
[12]
Satu Elo and Helvi Kyngäs. 2008. The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing 62, 1 (2008), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x.
[13]
Sara Eloy, Marina Andrade, Luís Dias, and Miguel Sales Dias. 2023. The impact of sound in people’s behaviour in outdoor settings: A study using virtual reality and eye-tracking. Applied Ergonomics 108 (April 2023), 103957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103957
[14]
Rachel R. Feinberg, Udaya Lakshmi, Matthew J. Golino, and Rosa I. Arriaga. 2022. ZenVR: Design Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Learning System for Meditation. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3502035
[15]
P. Grossman. 2015. Mindfulness: Awareness Informed by an Embodied Ethic. Mindfulness 6, 1 (Feb. 2015), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0372-5
[16]
David Heaney. 2019. A Future, More Compact Oculus Quest Could Be Powered By Its Carrying Case. https://www.uploadvr.com/facebook-vr-case-patent/
[17]
Sangwon Jung, Oğuz ’Oz’ Buruk, and Juho Hamari. 2022. Psychedelic VR Experience: An Exploratory Study on Cosmic Flow. In Proceedings of the 25th International Academic Mindtrek Conference(Academic Mindtrek ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1145/3569219.3569391
[18]
Ina Kaleva and Simon Riches. 2023. Stepping inside the whispers and tingles: multisensory virtual reality for enhanced relaxation and wellbeing. Frontiers in Digital Health 5 (2023). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2023.1212586
[19]
Bassam Khoury, Bärbel Knäuper, Francesco Pagnini, Natalie Trent, Alberto Chiesa, and Kimberly Carrière. 2017. Embodied Mindfulness. Mindfulness 8, 5 (Oct. 2017), 1160–1171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0700-7
[20]
Antoine Lutz, Heleen A. Slagter, John D. Dunne, and Richard J. Davidson. 2008. Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in cognitive sciences 12, 4 (April 2008), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005
[21]
Diego Monteiro, Hai-Ning Liang, Andrew Abel, Nilufar Bahaei, and Rita de Cassia Monteiro. 2018. Evaluating Engagement of Virtual Reality Games Based on First and Third Person Perspective Using EEG and Subjective Metrics. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality (AIVR). IEEE, Taichung, Taiwan, 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1109/AIVR.2018.00015
[22]
Masahiro Mori. 1970. The uncanny valley. Energy 7, 4 (1970), 33–35. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/20001036148/
[23]
Ralph Moseley. 2017. Deep immersion with Kasina: An exploration of meditation and concentration within virtual reality environments. In 2017 Computing Conference. IEEE, London, UK, 523–529. https://doi.org/10.1109/SAI.2017.8252146
[24]
Royce Ng, Vivian Yuen, and Alvaro Cassinelli. 2023. Chenrezig Sadhana VR: A Novel Arousal-Based Virtual Reality Neurofeedback Meditation System. In 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct). IEEE, Sydney, Australia, 345–349. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00074 ISSN: 2771-1110.
[25]
Nik Popli. 2022. Tripp Wellness Platform: The 200 Best Inventions of 2022. https://time.com/collection/best-inventions-2022/6229839/tripp-wellness-platform/
[26]
Katja Rogers, Sukran Karaosmanoglu, Maximilian Altmeyer, Ally Suarez, and Lennart E. Nacke. 2022. Much Realistic, Such Wow! A Systematic Literature Review of Realism in Digital Games. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3501875
[27]
Joan Sol Roo, Renaud Gervais, Jeremy Frey, and Martin Hachet. 2017. Inner Garden: Connecting Inner States to a Mixed Reality Sandbox for Mindfulness. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1459–1470. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025743
[28]
Mikko Salminen, Simo Järvelä, Ilkka Kosunen, Antti Ruonala, Juho Hamari, Niklas Ravaja, and Giulio Jacucci. 2023. Meditating in a neurofeedback virtual reality: effects on sense of presence, meditation depth and brain oscillations. Behaviour & Information Technology 0, 0 (2023), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2023.2258231 Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2023.2258231.
[29]
Mel Slater, Domna Banakou, Alejandro Beacco, Jaime Gallego, Francisco Macia-Varela, and Ramon Oliva. 2022. A Separate Reality: An Update on Place Illusion and Plausibility in Virtual Reality. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 3 (2022). https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frvir.2022.914392
[30]
Gillian Tan. 2020. Calm Meditation App Hits $2 Billion Value With Lightspeed, Goldman Backing. Bloomberg.com (Dec. 2020). https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-08/calm-hits-2-billion-value-with-lightspeed-goldman-tpg-backing
[31]
Michael Ussher, Mark Cropley, Sally Playle, Roshane Mohidin, and Robert West. 2009. Effect of isometric exercise and body scanning on cigarette cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Addiction 104, 7 (2009), 1251–1257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02605.x _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02605.x.
[32]
Xian Wang, Xiaoyu Mo, Mingming Fan, Lik-Hang Lee, Bertram Shi, and Pan Hui. 2024. Reducing Stress and Anxiety in the Metaverse: A Systematic Review of Meditation, Mindfulness and Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium of Chinese CHI(Chinese CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1145/3565698.3565781
[33]
Dexing Zhang, Eric K P Lee, Eva C W Mak, C Y Ho, and Samuel Y S Wong. 2021. Mindfulness-based interventions: an overall review. British Medical Bulletin 138, 1 (April 2021), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldab005

Index Terms

  1. Virtual Reality for Mindfulness: Aspects for Helping or Hindering Focus and Practice

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Information & Contributors

      Information

      Published In

      cover image ACM Other conferences
      Mindtrek '24: Proceedings of the 27th International Academic Mindtrek Conference
      October 2024
      358 pages
      ISBN:9798400718236
      DOI:10.1145/3681716
      Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the Owner/Author.

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      Published: 08 October 2024

      Check for updates

      Author Tags

      1. meditation
      2. mindfulness
      3. relaxation
      4. virtual reality

      Qualifiers

      • Poster
      • Research
      • Refereed limited

      Funding Sources

      • South African Department of Higher Education and Training
      • Academy of Finland Flagship Programme
      • Research council of Finland

      Conference

      Mindtrek '24

      Acceptance Rates

      Overall Acceptance Rate 110 of 207 submissions, 53%

      Contributors

      Other Metrics

      Bibliometrics & Citations

      Bibliometrics

      Article Metrics

      • 0
        Total Citations
      • 69
        Total Downloads
      • Downloads (Last 12 months)69
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)13
      Reflects downloads up to 27 Feb 2025

      Other Metrics

      Citations

      View Options

      Login options

      View options

      PDF

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      HTML Format

      View this article in HTML Format.

      HTML Format

      Figures

      Tables

      Media

      Share

      Share

      Share this Publication link

      Share on social media