skip to main content
10.1145/545261.545263acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesscaConference Proceedingsconference-collections
Article

Leashing the AlphaWolves: mixing user direction with autonomous emotion in a pack of semi-autonomous virtual characters

Published:21 July 2002Publication History

ABSTRACT

We present a system in which computer-graphical virtual characters may be controlled by a user and also remain "in character." The system allows the user to have high-level control over the actions of a character, while the emotional state of the character is autonomously maintained by the computer. We show how this system functioned as part of the AlphaWolf installation, presented in the Emerging Technologies program at SIGGRAPH 2001. Results from a 32-subject human user study support the hypothesis that users could control a character's actions without sacrificing its realistic autonomous personality. This system is appropriate to the control of computer-graphical entities that are meant to have personalities distinct from those of the humans that direct them.

References

  1. ALLISON, D., WILLS, B., HODGES, L., AND WINEMAN, J. 1996. Gorillas in the Bits, Georgia Institute of Technology: GIT-GVU-96-16.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. ASSANIE, M. 2002. Directable Synthetic Characters. AAAI Spring Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Entertainment.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. BADLER, N., AND ALLBECK, J. 2001. Towards behavioral consistency in animated agents. Deformable Avatars. N. Magnenat-Thalmann, and Thalmann, D. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. BATES, J., LOYALL, A., AND REILLY, W. 1992. An Architecture for Action, Emotion, and Social Behavior. Proceedings of the Fourth European Workshop on Modeling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  5. BLUMBERG, B., AND GALYEAN, T. 1995. Multi-Level Direction of Autonomous Creatures for Real-Time Virtual Environments. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 95. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. BLUMBERG, B. M. 1996. Old Tricks, New Dogs: Ethology and Interactive Creatures. Media Laboratory. Cambridge, MA, MIT. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  7. BRAND, M. 1999. Voice Puppetry. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 99. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  8. BREAZEAL, C. 2000. Sociable Machines: Expressive Social Exchange Between Robot and Human. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Cambridge, MA, MIT. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. BURKE, R., ISLA, D., DOWNIE, M., IVANOV, Y. AND BLUMBERG, B. 2001. CreatureSmarts: The Art and Architecture of a Virtual Brain. Proceedings of the Game Developers Conference: 147-166.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  10. CASSELL, J., BICKMORE, T., BILLINGHURST, M., CAMPBELL, L., CHANG, K., VILHJÁLMSSON, H., AND YAN, H. 1999. Embodiment in Conversational Interfaces: Rea. Proceedings of the CHI'99 Conference. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. CASSELL, J., PELACHAUD, C., BADLER, N., STEEDMAN, M., ACHORN, B., BECKET, T., DOUVILLE, B., PREVOST, S., AND STONE, M. 1994. Animated Conversation: Rule-Based Generation of Facial Expression, Gesture and Spoken Intonation for Multiple Conversational Agents. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 94. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. CHI, D., COSTA, M., ZHAO, L., AND BADLER, N. 2000. The EMOTE Model for Effort and Shape. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2000. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  13. DAMASIO, A. 1994. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  14. DARWIN, C. 1965 (originally published 1872). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. EKMAN, P. 1992. An Argument for Basic Emotions. Basic Emotions. N. Stein, and Oatley, K. Hove, UK, Lawrence Erlbaum: 169-200.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  16. FOX, M. W. 1971. Behaviour of Wolves, Dogs and Related Canids. New York, Harper & Row.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. GADANHO, S., AND HALLAM, J. 1998. Emotion-triggered Learning for Autonomous Robots. Simulation of Adaptive Behavior 1998 Workshop on Grounding Emotions in Adaptive Systems.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. HAYES-ROTH, B., SINCOFF, E., BROWNSTON, L., HUARD, R., AND LENT, B. 1995. Directed Improvisation with Animated Puppets. Proceedings of CHI '95. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. HODGINS, J. K., AND POLLARD, N. S. 1997. Adapting Simulated Behaviors For New Characters. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 97. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  20. JOHNSON, M. B. 1994. WavesWorld: A Testbed for Three Dimensional Semi-Autonomous Animated Characters. Media Arts & Sciences. Cambridge, MA, MIT. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  21. JOHNSON, M. P., WILSON, A., BLUMBERG, B., KLINE, C., AND BOBICK, A. 1999. Sympathetic interfaces: using a plush toy to direct synthetic characters. Proceedings of CHI 99. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. MAGNENAT-THALMANN, N., KALRA, P., AND ESCHER, M. 1998. Communicating with virtual characters. WSCG '98.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. MECH, L. D., ADAMS, L. G., MEIER, T. J., BURCH, J. W., AND DALE, B. W. 1998. The Wolves of Denali. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. MURIE, A. 1944. The Wolves of Mount McKinley. Fauna of the National Parks Series. Washington, DC, U.S. National Park Service. 5.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  25. PERLIN, K., AND GOLDBERG, A. 1996. Improv: A System for Scripting Interactive Actors in Virtual Worlds. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 96. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  26. PICARD, R. 1997. Affective Computing. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  27. PLUTCHIK, R. 1991. The Emotions. Lanham, MD, University Press of America.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  28. REILLY, W. S. N. 1996. Believable Social and Emotional Agents. School of Computer Science. Pittsburgh, PA, Carnegie Mellon University.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  29. REYNOLDS, C. 1987. Flocks, Herds and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 87. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  30. ROSE, C. 1999. Verbs and Adverbs: Multidimensional Motion Interpolation Using Radial Basis Functions. Department of Computer Science. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  31. ROSENFIELD, M. P., B. 1988. White Wolf. National Geographic Video. J. Brandenburg.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  32. RUSSELL, J. 1997. Reading emotions from and into faces: resurrecting a dimensional-contextual perspective. The Psychology of Facial Expression. J. Russell, and Fernandez-Dols, J. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  33. SCERRI, P., PYNADATH, D., AND TAMBE, M. 2001. Adjustable autonomy in real-world multi-agent environments. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  34. SCHENKEL, R. 1967. Submission: its features and function in the wolf and dog. Amer. Zool.7: 319-329.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  35. SCHLOSBERG, H. 1954. Three dimensions of emotions. Psychological Review61(2): 81-88.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  36. SMITH, C. 1989. Dimensions of appraisal and physiological response in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology56: 339-353.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  37. STRASSMAN, S. 1994. Semi-autonomous animated actors. Proceedings of the 12th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  38. TERZOPOULOS, D., TU, X., AND GRZESZCZUK, R. 1994. Artificial Fishes: Autonomous Locomotion, Perception Behaviour and Learning in a Simulated Physical World. Artificial Life IV. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  39. THALMANN, D., NOSER, H., AND HUANG, Z. 1997. Autonomous Virtual Actors Based on Virtual Sensors. Creating Personalities. R. Trappl, and Petta, P. Heidelberg, Springer Verlag. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  40. TOMLINSON, B., AND BLUMBERG, B. 2002 (to appear). Synthetic Social Relationships in Animated Virtual Characters. From Animals to Animats 7: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB '02). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  41. VELASQUEZ, J. 1998. When Robots Weep: Emotional Memories and Decision-Making. Proceedings of the Fifteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. Leashing the AlphaWolves: mixing user direction with autonomous emotion in a pack of semi-autonomous virtual characters

          Recommendations

          Comments

          Login options

          Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

          Sign in
          • Published in

            cover image ACM Conferences
            SCA '02: Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
            July 2002
            203 pages
            ISBN:1581135734
            DOI:10.1145/545261

            Copyright © 2002 ACM

            Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

            Publisher

            Association for Computing Machinery

            New York, NY, United States

            Publication History

            • Published: 21 July 2002

            Permissions

            Request permissions about this article.

            Request Permissions

            Check for updates

            Qualifiers

            • Article

            Acceptance Rates

            SCA '02 Paper Acceptance Rate22of53submissions,42%Overall Acceptance Rate183of487submissions,38%

          PDF Format

          View or Download as a PDF file.

          PDF

          eReader

          View online with eReader.

          eReader